{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978239295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","title":"The Formation of Beliefs: Evidence from the Allocation of Land Titles to Squatters","display_name":"The Formation of Beliefs: Evidence from the Allocation of Land Titles to Squatters","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978239295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","mag":"1978239295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2003926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089522397","display_name":"Rafael Di Tella","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Di Tella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Business School, Boston, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Business School, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096918347","display_name":"S. Galiant","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Galiant","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University, St. Louis, MO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St. Louis, MO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073655098","display_name":"Ernesto Schargrodsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-5044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4902-5044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I232641801","display_name":"Universidad Torcuato Di Tella","ror":"https://ror.org/04sxme922","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I232641801"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Schargrodsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Buenos Aires, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I232641801"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.7654,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":349,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99787774,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":"1","first_page":"209","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11789","display_name":"Land Rights and Reforms","score":0.4609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11789","display_name":"Land Rights and Reforms","score":0.4609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.2653999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.05139999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-formation","display_name":"belief formation","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-title","display_name":"land title","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/squatters","display_name":"squatters","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-settlements","display_name":"informal settlements","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property-rights","display_name":"property rights","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-beliefs","display_name":"market beliefs","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individualism","display_name":"individualism","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materialism","display_name":"materialism","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/happiness","display_name":"happiness","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buenos-aires","display_name":"Buenos Aires","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-experiment","display_name":"natural experiment","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.609626293182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5979233980178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777063073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553237","display_name":"Settlement (finance)","level":3,"score":0.5939460396766663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17022365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171995","display_name":"Individualism","level":2,"score":0.5816999673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8","display_name":"Happiness","level":2,"score":0.5723719596862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144218379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7081","display_name":"Materialism","level":2,"score":0.565133273601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86511162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799101","display_name":"Property rights","level":2,"score":0.5228326916694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5001673698425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2614959478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2471003234386444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20625457167625427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.19033870100975037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.15827861428260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.09984907507896423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.09842389822006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2003926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2003926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2003926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:122:y:2007:i:1:p:209-241.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1162/qjec.122.1.209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.2003926","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2003926","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2003926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29252983","https://openalex.org/W43787836","https://openalex.org/W206536200","https://openalex.org/W1018985628","https://openalex.org/W1507789815","https://openalex.org/W1513281941","https://openalex.org/W1518001679","https://openalex.org/W1524911922","https://openalex.org/W1528552073","https://openalex.org/W1535942213","https://openalex.org/W1549592375","https://openalex.org/W1550902027","https://openalex.org/W1566297534","https://openalex.org/W1595315522","https://openalex.org/W1599783075","https://openalex.org/W1821541755","https://openalex.org/W1968655603","https://openalex.org/W1971925852","https://openalex.org/W1976905366","https://openalex.org/W1977433163","https://openalex.org/W1979776678","https://openalex.org/W1985579102","https://openalex.org/W1986732801","https://openalex.org/W1990486043","https://openalex.org/W1993272473","https://openalex.org/W2009368621","https://openalex.org/W2023431550","https://openalex.org/W2034606455","https://openalex.org/W2038249651","https://openalex.org/W2050290869","https://openalex.org/W2057206151","https://openalex.org/W2061157938","https://openalex.org/W2073954595","https://openalex.org/W2096718584","https://openalex.org/W2098035185","https://openalex.org/W2098947378","https://openalex.org/W2106209831","https://openalex.org/W2106676663","https://openalex.org/W2112190122","https://openalex.org/W2113722870","https://openalex.org/W2116094229","https://openalex.org/W2118228677","https://openalex.org/W2118359122","https://openalex.org/W2118882740","https://openalex.org/W2120012324","https://openalex.org/W2121597032","https://openalex.org/W2127629883","https://openalex.org/W2134421241","https://openalex.org/W2135409175","https://openalex.org/W2136231915","https://openalex.org/W2153943092","https://openalex.org/W2155662343","https://openalex.org/W2159244471","https://openalex.org/W2160821405","https://openalex.org/W2161920755","https://openalex.org/W2209463525","https://openalex.org/W2234916591","https://openalex.org/W2333406269","https://openalex.org/W2490362664","https://openalex.org/W2616267082","https://openalex.org/W2740984722","https://openalex.org/W2890314743","https://openalex.org/W2890514484","https://openalex.org/W2891220841","https://openalex.org/W2891387080","https://openalex.org/W2891501858","https://openalex.org/W2994756033","https://openalex.org/W2995190253","https://openalex.org/W3021008847","https://openalex.org/W3121237795","https://openalex.org/W3121647034","https://openalex.org/W3121759882","https://openalex.org/W3122071176","https://openalex.org/W3122295862","https://openalex.org/W3122513675","https://openalex.org/W3122598138","https://openalex.org/W3122614520","https://openalex.org/W3122759036","https://openalex.org/W3124131699","https://openalex.org/W3124149942","https://openalex.org/W3124166904","https://openalex.org/W3124280932","https://openalex.org/W3124356082","https://openalex.org/W3125055992","https://openalex.org/W3147434279","https://openalex.org/W3149953018","https://openalex.org/W3153082631","https://openalex.org/W4229738978","https://openalex.org/W4230354434","https://openalex.org/W4230938681","https://openalex.org/W4254832804","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4286779346","https://openalex.org/W4299448508","https://openalex.org/W4299678552","https://openalex.org/W4301441860","https://openalex.org/W4302555455"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099181687","https://openalex.org/W7097140605","https://openalex.org/W7095178168","https://openalex.org/W7100220345","https://openalex.org/W3124770863","https://openalex.org/W1566288179","https://openalex.org/W2274872037","https://openalex.org/W1948297977","https://openalex.org/W6925149282","https://openalex.org/W2065808424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"study":[1],"the":[2,11,31,34,41,68,82,91,99,137,146,149,159,167,171],"formation":[3],"of":[4,13,24,33,70,101,111,115,131,148,158,166],"beliefs":[5,42,62,79,117,147],"in":[6,10,40,129,164,170],"a":[7,17,71,102,112],"squatter":[8],"settlement":[9],"outskirts":[12],"Buenos":[14,161],"Aires":[15,162],"exploiting":[16],"natural":[18],"experiment":[19],"that":[20,27,43,66,84,93],"induced":[21],"an":[22],"allocation":[23],"property":[25],"rights":[26],"is":[28,86,118,139],"exogenous":[29],"to":[30,51,64,144,156],"characteristics":[32],"squatters.":[35],"There":[36],"are":[37],"significant":[38],"differences":[39,169],"squatters":[44,54,124,150],"with":[45,58,151],"and":[46,77],"without":[47,98],"land":[48],"titles":[49,60,153],"declare":[50],"hold.":[52],"Lucky":[53],"who":[55],"end":[56],"up":[57],"legal":[59,152],"report":[61],"closer":[63],"those":[65,157],"favor":[67],"workings":[69],"free":[72],"market.":[73],"Examples":[74],"include":[75],"materialist":[76],"individualist":[78],"(such":[80],"as":[81,143],"belief":[83,92],"money":[85],"important":[87],"for":[88,122,126],"happiness":[89],"or":[90],"one":[94],"can":[95],"be":[96],"successful":[97],"support":[100],"large":[103,141,168],"group).":[104],"The":[105,109],"effects":[106],"appear":[107],"large.":[108],"value":[110],"(generated)":[113],"index":[114],"\u201cmarket\u201d":[116],"20":[119],"percent":[120],"higher":[121],"titled":[123],"than":[125],"untitled":[127],"squatters,":[128],"spite":[130,165],"leading":[132],"otherwise":[133],"similar":[134],"lives.":[135],"Moreover,":[136],"effect":[138],"sufficiently":[140],"so":[142],"make":[145],"broadly":[154],"comparable":[155],"general":[160],"population,":[163],"lives":[172],"they":[173],"lead.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}