{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978188546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","title":"The \u201cSogo Shosha\u201d: Japan\u2019s Multinational Trading Companies","display_name":"The \u201cSogo Shosha\u201d: Japan\u2019s Multinational Trading Companies","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978188546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","mag":"1978188546"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2757089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22496335","display_name":"Pacific Affairs","issn_l":"0030-851X","issn":["0030-851X","1715-3379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313051","host_organization_name":"University of British Columbia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313051"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of British Columbia"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pacific Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035695147","display_name":"R.D. Walton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. D. Walton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Griffith University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Griffith University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035695147"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34062728,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"728","last_page":"730"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.5795999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.5795999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13057","display_name":"Asian Industrial and Economic Development","score":0.3246999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14503","display_name":"Globalization, Economics, and Policies","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sogo-shosha","display_name":"Sogo Shosha","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-trading-companies","display_name":"general trading companies","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-multinational-corporations","display_name":"Japanese multinational corporations","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zaibatsu","display_name":"zaibatsu","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postwar-japanese-economic-growth","display_name":"postwar Japanese economic growth","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/japanese-exports","display_name":"Japanese exports","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-strategy","display_name":"business strategy","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-history","display_name":"business history","score":0.35199999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158016649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161726","display_name":"Multinational corporation","level":2,"score":0.8973277807235718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6245384216308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.38465774059295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.3257155418395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18139854073524475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11623010039329529}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2757089","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2757089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S22496335","display_name":"Pacific Affairs","issn_l":"0030-851X","issn":["0030-851X","1715-3379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313051","host_organization_name":"University of British Columbia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313051"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of British Columbia"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pacific Affairs","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4242596747","https://openalex.org/W2001945329","https://openalex.org/W435791380","https://openalex.org/W3199745457","https://openalex.org/W4249512076","https://openalex.org/W4388063047","https://openalex.org/W293921239","https://openalex.org/W1560816491","https://openalex.org/W2080621242","https://openalex.org/W134388042"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"sogo":[1,38,94,135,181],"shosha,":[2,136],"Japan's":[3,51,184],"general":[4],"trading":[5,122],"companies,":[6,149],"are":[7],"regarded":[8],"as":[9,183,193,200,211],"a":[10,201],"key":[11],"element":[12],"in":[13,27,75],"the":[14,35,67,70,76,93,99,127,130,134,137,140,146,154,180,194,206],"country's":[15],"rapid":[16],"economic":[17,141],"growth":[18],"after":[19],"World":[20],"War":[21,156],"II":[22,157],"and":[23,53,61,97,105,114,116,129,142,159,163,173,191,210],"its":[24],"great":[25],"success":[26],"international":[28,68],"trade.":[29,85],"In":[30,124],"Japanese":[31,198],"fiscal":[32],"year":[33,78],"1975,":[34],"ten":[36,147],"largest":[37,148],"shosha":[39,182],"had":[40],"total":[41],"sales":[42,104],"of":[43,50,57,64,72,82,119,133,145,171,179,187,197,213],"$155":[44],"billion,":[45],"accounting":[46],"for":[47],"56":[48],"percent":[49,56,63,81],"exports":[52],"imports,":[54],"18":[55],"domestic":[58,207],"wholesale":[59],"trade,":[60],"31":[62],"GNP.":[65],"On":[66],"level,":[69],"transactions":[71],"these":[73,120],"companies":[74],"same":[77],"were":[79],"5":[80],"world":[83],"export":[84],"This":[86],"book\u2014the":[87],"first":[88],"comprehensive,":[89],"English-language":[90],"work":[91],"on":[92],"shosha\u2014systematically":[95],"describes":[96],"analyzes":[98],"basic":[100],"characteristics,":[101],"business":[102],"methods,":[103],"profit":[106],"trends,":[107],"strategies,":[108],"national":[109,128],"roles,":[110],"global":[111,121,131],"reach,":[112],"strengths":[113],"weaknesses,":[115],"future":[117],"prospects":[118],"conglomerates.":[123],"examining":[125],"both":[126],"facets":[132],"author":[138],"presents":[139],"social":[143],"origins":[144],"how":[150,160],"they":[151,161],"differ":[152,164],"from":[153,165],"pre-World":[155],"zaibatsu,":[158],"resemble":[162],"Western":[166],"multinational":[167,214],"corporations.":[168],"A":[169],"wealth":[170],"statistical":[172],"tabular":[174],"material":[175],"supplements":[176],"his":[177],"account":[178],"chief":[185],"importers":[186],"foodstuffs,":[188],"raw":[189],"materials,":[190],"equipment;":[192],"advance":[195],"guard":[196],"exports;":[199],"driving":[202],"force":[203],"to":[204],"rationalize":[205],"distribution":[208],"system;":[209],"investor-organizers":[212],"overseas":[215],"natural":[216],"resource":[217],"development":[218],"programs.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}