{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1978008795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","title":"Photolelectrochemistry of Nanostructured WO 3 Thin Film Electrodes for Water Oxidation: Mechanism of Electron Transport","display_name":"Photolelectrochemistry of Nanostructured WO 3 Thin Film Electrodes for Water Oxidation: Mechanism of Electron Transport","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1978008795","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","mag":"1978008795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp0002751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/209402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Heli Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heli Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057305237","display_name":"Torbj\u00f6rn Lindgren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Torbj\u00f6rn Lindgren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102080757","display_name":"Jianjun He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019481160","display_name":"Anders Hagfeldt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-8856","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-8856"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anders Hagfeldt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109172458","display_name":"Sten\u2010Eric Lindquist","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123387679","display_name":"Uppsala University","ror":"https://ror.org/048a87296","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sten-Eric Lindquist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, Box 532, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123387679"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3494,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":220,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90049546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"24","first_page":"5686","last_page":"5696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10078","display_name":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10078","display_name":"Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10024","display_name":"TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11128","display_name":"Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials","score":0.0071000000461936,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten-oxide","display_name":"tungsten oxide","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wo3-thin-films","display_name":"WO3 thin films","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoelectrochemical-water-oxidation","display_name":"photoelectrochemical water oxidation","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-transport","display_name":"electron transport","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-diffusion-length","display_name":"electron diffusion length","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-trapping","display_name":"electron trapping","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercalation","display_name":"intercalation","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-quantum-efficiency","display_name":"external quantum efficiency","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-yield","display_name":"quantum yield","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-spectrum","display_name":"action spectrum","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tafel-slope","display_name":"Tafel slope","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activation-energy","display_name":"activation energy","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanostructured-electrodes","display_name":"nanostructured electrodes","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172404476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902130","display_name":"Tafel equation","level":4,"score":0.8612328171730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779845233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3381567","display_name":"Photocurrent","level":2,"score":0.7530091404914856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35590869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697332","display_name":"Water splitting","level":4,"score":0.6088550090789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5816507339477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.5801485776901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.5397400259971619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19067145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137203","display_name":"Thin film","level":2,"score":0.45292699337005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50792271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332846","display_name":"Absorption edge","level":3,"score":0.437411367893219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.4358757436275482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.326097697019577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181966813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806352","display_name":"Band gap","level":2,"score":0.25326141715049744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.21499577164649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.19267386198043823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.15479201078414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218831","display_name":"Photocatalysis","level":3,"score":0.1434447467327118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/jp0002751","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0002751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185621672","display_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","issn_l":"1520-5207","issn":["1520-5207","1520-6106"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Physical Chemistry B","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:209402","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/209402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:209402","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/209402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:209402","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/209402","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","host_organization_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W265562244","https://openalex.org/W1966771534","https://openalex.org/W1972976730","https://openalex.org/W2012487005","https://openalex.org/W2019323854","https://openalex.org/W2037502034","https://openalex.org/W2038122087","https://openalex.org/W2042492216","https://openalex.org/W2045473418","https://openalex.org/W2051228843","https://openalex.org/W2052828958","https://openalex.org/W2053014942","https://openalex.org/W2054833277","https://openalex.org/W2055069556","https://openalex.org/W2071945501","https://openalex.org/W2076614020","https://openalex.org/W2077378390","https://openalex.org/W2077396367","https://openalex.org/W2081399868","https://openalex.org/W2121304740","https://openalex.org/W2346436599","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769106336","https://openalex.org/W2146359829","https://openalex.org/W2358550726","https://openalex.org/W1991077818","https://openalex.org/W2107053191","https://openalex.org/W1996502169","https://openalex.org/W1972264222","https://openalex.org/W2090717306","https://openalex.org/W2007290186","https://openalex.org/W2208104207"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nanostructured":[0],"WO":[1],"3":[2],"thin":[3],"films":[4,13],"were":[5,122,238],"prepared,":[6],"and":[7,54,104,115,141,158,168,187,199,249,266],"photooxidation":[8],"of":[9,40,125,128,152,189,217,277,287,290],"water":[10],"at":[11,24,51,59,175,240,246,252,272],"such":[12],"was":[14,34,50,58,95,156,183,196,222,258,282],"studied":[15],"in":[16,97,261,293],"a":[17,30,172,206,229,288],"pH":[18],"4.68":[19],"solution.":[20],"The":[21,47,110,148,255,275],"cathodic":[22],"current":[23,106],"potentials":[25,60,242],"below":[26,300],"\u2212100":[27],"mV":[28,248],"versus":[29,91],"saturated":[31],"Ag/AgCl":[32],"electrode":[33],"related":[35],"to":[36,185,224,269],"the":[37,55,64,72,82,98,116,126,129,153,161,179,190,211,214,262,285,301],"reversible":[38],"intercalation":[39],"H":[41],"+":[42,45],"and/or":[43],"Na":[44],".":[46],"photocurrent":[48,57,68],"onset":[49],"\u223c100":[52],"mV,":[53,67,265],"saturation":[56],">800":[61],"mV.":[62,101,274],"In":[63,178],"range":[65,99,263,296],"300\u22121000":[66],"increased":[69,144],"linearly":[70],"with":[71,145,201,280],"increasing":[73,202],"light":[74,130],"intensity,":[75],"indicating":[76],"that":[77],"charge":[78],"carrier":[79],"generation":[80],"dominates":[81],"photoelectrochemical":[83],"cell.":[84],"Under":[85],"illumination,":[86],"linear":[87],"log|":[88],"i":[89],"|":[90],"potential":[92,281],"(Tafel)":[93],"behavior":[94],"registered":[96],"300\u2212650":[100],"Tafel":[102],"slopes":[103],"exchange":[105],"densities":[107],"are":[108],"reported.":[109],"incident":[111],"photon-to-current":[112],"efficiency":[113],"(IPCE)":[114],"quantum":[117],"yield":[118],"(":[119,219],"\u03a6":[120,166,169,181,194],")":[121,221],"high,":[123],"regardless":[124],"incidence":[127],"(front":[131],"side,":[132],"EE,":[133],"or":[134],"backside,":[135],"SE,":[136],"illumination).":[137],"Both":[138,165],"IPCE":[139,142],"EE":[140,167,195],"SE":[143,170,182],"film":[146,191,203],"thickness.":[147,204],"low":[149],"wavelength":[150],"edge":[151],"action":[154],"spectra":[155],"red-shifted":[157],"moved":[159],"toward":[160],"absorption":[162],"band":[163],"edge.":[164],"reached":[171],"plateau":[173],"region":[174],"shorter":[176],"wavelength.":[177],"plateau,":[180],"close":[184],"1":[186],"independent":[188],"thickness,":[192],"whereas":[193],"\u223c20%":[197],"lower":[198,241],"decreasing":[200],"Adopting":[205],"simple":[207],"diffusion":[208,215],"model":[209],"for":[210,228],"electron":[212],"transport,":[213],"length":[216],"electrons":[218],"L":[220],"estimated":[223],"be":[225],"6.7":[226],"\u03bcm":[227],"5.0-\u03bcm":[230],"thick":[231],"film.":[232],"Higher":[233],"activation":[234],"energies,":[235],"E":[236,256,278],"A,":[237],"obtained":[239],"(e.g.,":[243],"0.60":[244],"eV":[245,251,260,271],"200":[247],"0.32":[250],"300":[253],"mV).":[254],"A":[257,279],"<0.21":[259],"400\u2212700":[264],"decreased":[267],"further":[268],"0.06":[270],"1000":[273],"variation":[276],"explained":[283],"by":[284],"existence":[286],"distribution":[289],"electron-trapping":[291],"states":[292],"an":[294],"energy":[295],"around":[297],"0.6":[298],"V":[299],"conduction":[302],"band.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}