{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976889152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","title":"Unification of Cosmology and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: -- Proposal for Solving the Cosmological Constant and Inflation Problems --","display_name":"Unification of Cosmology and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: -- Proposal for Solving the Cosmological Constant and Inflation Problems --","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976889152","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","mag":"1976889152"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1143/ptp.116.851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83252788","display_name":"Progress of Theoretical Physics","issn_l":"0033-068X","issn":["0033-068X","1347-4081"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress of Theoretical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0509205","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103247983","display_name":"HOLGER BECH NIELSEN","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-1774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-1774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. B. Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Niels Bohr Institute, 17, Blegdamsvej, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","1Niels Bohr Institute, 17, Blegdamsvej, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Niels Bohr Institute, 17, Blegdamsvej, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"1Niels Bohr Institute, 17, Blegdamsvej, DK2100 Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107887797","display_name":"M. Ninomiya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399657944","display_name":"Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/0589kgd85","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4399657944"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ninomiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan","2Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4399657944"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"2Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I4399657944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.616,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81580047,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"116","issue":"5","first_page":"851","last_page":"871"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11520","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11415","display_name":"Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-law-of-thermodynamics","display_name":"second law of thermodynamics","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"entropy","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmological-constant-problem","display_name":"cosmological constant problem","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation-cosmology","display_name":"inflation (cosmology)","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclic-cosmology","display_name":"cyclic cosmology","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-death","display_name":"heat death","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-bang","display_name":"Big Bang","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arrow-of-time","display_name":"arrow of time","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian-density","display_name":"Hamiltonian density","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification-of-physics","display_name":"unification of physics","score":0.8100000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119820323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177045","display_name":"Second law of thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.7723590135574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.7641729712486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.6569736003875732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18815010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849392","display_name":"Laws of thermodynamics","level":3,"score":0.5728937983512878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108585399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900831","display_name":"Fluctuation theorem","level":3,"score":0.5011398792266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994438922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q784262","display_name":"First law","level":2,"score":0.4981064796447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45765790343284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4868915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179380","display_name":"First law of thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.45573267340660095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.4422805607318878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3998796343803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.35569053888320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.3438730239868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.33710765838623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3348003327846527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.21009621024131775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.1872788369655609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1143/ptp.116.851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1143/ptp.116.851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83252788","display_name":"Progress of Theoretical Physics","issn_l":"0033-068X","issn":["0033-068X","1347-4081"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress of Theoretical Physics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0509205","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0509205","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0509205","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.906.1030","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.906.1030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ptp.oxfordjournals.org/content/116/5/851.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:887436","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/887436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/06eff660-ae5b-11de-bc73-000ea68e967b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/06eff660-ae5b-11de-bc73-000ea68e967b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nielsen, H F B & Ninomiya, M 2006, 'Unification of cosmology and the second law of thermodynamics-Proposal for solving the cosmological constant and inflation problems', Progress of Theoretical Physics, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 851-871.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0509205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0509205","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0509205","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:hep-th/0509205","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0509205","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-th/0509205","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326625","display_name":"Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/0589kgd85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1976889152.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1976889152.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391472269","https://openalex.org/W1556361851","https://openalex.org/W1609671307","https://openalex.org/W2000967493","https://openalex.org/W2061892580","https://openalex.org/W2099009273","https://openalex.org/W2134251287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098609344","https://openalex.org/W4405901347","https://openalex.org/W2055295005","https://openalex.org/W4407911243","https://openalex.org/W1843862385","https://openalex.org/W2903085451","https://openalex.org/W3135774515","https://openalex.org/W7100002869","https://openalex.org/W2735652607","https://openalex.org/W2021216005"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,169,232],"seek":[1],"to":[2,16],"unify":[3],"the":[4,21,38,44,58,70,74,82,90,105,146,154,167,175,183,198,215,226,230,236,266,274,290,296],"second":[5,22,45,147,176,184,237],"law":[6,19,23,46,144,148,173,177,185,238],"of":[7,24,40,126,149,182,229],"thermodynamics":[8,150],"with":[9,57,186,214,223,245,260],"other":[10,187],"physical":[11],"laws,":[12],"or,":[13],"at":[14,84,122,166],"least":[15],"find":[17,250],"a":[18,31,124,172,180,192,208,242,254,257,261,270],"underlying":[20,145],"thermodynamics.":[25],"Assuming":[26,264],"no":[27,101],"fine":[28],"tuning,":[29],"using":[30,295],"random":[32],"Hamiltonian,":[33],"we":[34,107,284],"argue":[35,108],"just":[36],"from":[37],"equations":[39],"motion":[41],"\u2014":[42,47,178],"without":[43,294],"that":[48,97,109,119,160,251,265,276],"entropy":[49,72,118,155],"cannot":[50],"first":[51],"increase":[52],"and":[53,79,88,128,249],"then":[54],"decrease":[55],"except":[56],"rather":[59],"strict":[60],"restriction":[61],"Slarge":[62,68,91],"\u2264":[63],"Ssmall1":[64,78],"+":[65],"Ssmall2.":[66],"Here":[67],"is":[69,151,156,211,253,269,278],"\u201clarge\u201d":[71],"in":[73,200,203,273,287],"intermidiate":[75],"era,":[76],"while":[77],"Ssmall2":[80],"are":[81],"entropies":[83],"certain":[85],"times":[86],"before":[87],"after":[89],"era.":[92],"From":[93],"this":[94],"theorem":[95],"asserting":[96],"there":[98,252],"can":[99],"exist":[100],"strong":[102],"maximum":[103],"for":[104,196,239,256],"entropy,":[106],"an":[110,135],"S1":[111],"cyclic":[112],"time":[113,138,247],"model":[114,289],"world":[115],"could":[116],"have":[117],"varies":[120],"by":[121,190],"most":[123],"factor":[125],"two":[127],"would":[129],"not":[130,157],"be":[131],"phenomenologically":[132],"realistic.":[133],"With":[134],"open":[136],"ended":[137],"axis":[139],"(\u2212\u221e)":[140],"=":[141,219],"R,":[142],"some":[143],"needed":[152],"if":[153],"maximal":[158],"(i.e.":[159],"heat":[161],"death":[162],"having":[163],"y":[164],"occurred":[165],"start).":[168],"derive":[170,235],"such":[171,207],"behind":[174],"or":[179],"unification":[181],"laws":[188],"-":[189],"assigning":[191],"probability":[193],"weight":[194],"P":[195,210,218],"finding":[197],"world/system":[199],"various":[201],"places":[202],"phase":[204],"space.":[205],"In":[206],"model,":[209],"almost":[212],"unified":[213],"rest":[216],"as":[217,280],"exp":[220],"(\u22122":[221],"SIm),":[222],"SIm":[224],"being":[225],"imaginary":[227],"part":[228],"action.":[231],"quite":[233],"naturally":[234],"practical":[240],"purposes,":[241],"Big":[243],"Bang":[244],"two-sided":[246],"directions,":[248],"need":[255],"Hamiltonian":[258],"density":[259],"well-defined":[262],"bottom.":[263],"cosmological":[267,291],"constant":[268,292],"dynamical":[271],"variable":[272],"sense":[275],"it":[277],"counted":[279],"on":[281],"\u201cinitial":[282],"condition\u201d,":[283],"even":[285],"solve":[286],"our":[288],"problem":[293],"anthropic":[297],"principle.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}