{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976708148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","title":"Bugs or Drugs: Are Probiotics Safe for Use in the Critically Ill?","display_name":"Bugs or Drugs: Are Probiotics Safe for Use in the Critically Ill?","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976708148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","mag":"1976708148","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24986534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62844930","display_name":"Current Gastroenterology Reports","issn_l":"1522-8037","issn":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Gastroenterology Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113532880","display_name":"Lindsay M. Urben","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143137","display_name":"University of Louisville Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sq8k219","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143137"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lindsay M. Urben","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079143643","display_name":"Jennifer Wiedmar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143137","display_name":"University of Louisville Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04sq8k219","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143137"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Wiedmar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA","Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143137"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Louisville Hospital, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143137"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080334585","display_name":"Erica Boettcher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091210","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente San Diego Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00fg98b82","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I4210091210"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erica Boettcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA","Division of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I4210091210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Gastroenterology, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I4210091210"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046456404","display_name":"Rodrigo Cavallazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-6368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7631-6368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodrigo Cavallazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA","Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086034608","display_name":"Robert G. Martindale","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-4486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9159-4486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165690674","display_name":"Oregon Health & Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/009avj582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. Martindale","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA","Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048274068","display_name":"Stephen A. McClave","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-7263","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1140-7263"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen A. McClave","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA","Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048274068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5376,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42948718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"7","first_page":"388","last_page":"388"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10141","display_name":"Probiotics and Fermented Foods","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11681","display_name":"Nosocomial Infections in ICU","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10858","display_name":"Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotics","display_name":"probiotics","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critically-ill-patients","display_name":"critically ill patients","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotic-safety","display_name":"probiotic safety","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea","display_name":"antibiotic-associated diarrhea","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridium-difficile-associated-diarrhea","display_name":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventilator-associated-pneumonia","display_name":"ventilator-associated pneumonia","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vancomycin-resistant-enterococci","display_name":"vancomycin-resistant enterococci","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pancreatitis","display_name":"pancreatitis","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-transplantation","display_name":"liver transplantation","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-abdominal-surgery","display_name":"major abdominal surgery","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trauma-physical-injury","display_name":"trauma (physical injury)","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probiotic-regulation","display_name":"probiotic regulation","score":0.6679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8995161056518555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.8116542100906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.7320569753646851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991859549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Critically ill","level":2,"score":0.6246081590652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777914695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192","display_name":"Pneumonia","level":2,"score":0.5518313050270081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779802037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40878","display_name":"Diarrhea","level":2,"score":0.4718090295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.4326106011867523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777184939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7920253","display_name":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia","level":3,"score":0.41541290283203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776376669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5094647","display_name":"Intensive care unit","level":2,"score":0.22304025292396545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.14071613550186157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.13119354844093323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":"Q000601","qualifier_name":"surgery","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000208","descriptor_name":"Acute Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002985","descriptor_name":"Clinical Protocols","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003967","descriptor_name":"Diarrhea","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009894","descriptor_name":"Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010195","descriptor_name":"Pancreatitis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016031","descriptor_name":"Liver Transplantation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016638","descriptor_name":"Critical Illness","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019936","descriptor_name":"Probiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019936","descriptor_name":"Probiotics","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019990","descriptor_name":"Perioperative Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053717","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0388-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62844930","display_name":"Current Gastroenterology Reports","issn_l":"1522-8037","issn":["1522-8037","1534-312X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current Gastroenterology Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24986534","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24986534","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current gastroenterology reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26333713","https://openalex.org/W318069809","https://openalex.org/W1505136191","https://openalex.org/W1514083101","https://openalex.org/W1900292540","https://openalex.org/W1922233451","https://openalex.org/W1925602498","https://openalex.org/W1932326052","https://openalex.org/W1935442897","https://openalex.org/W1963979579","https://openalex.org/W1966875539","https://openalex.org/W1969844723","https://openalex.org/W1971345505","https://openalex.org/W1976210789","https://openalex.org/W1978807663","https://openalex.org/W1980851434","https://openalex.org/W1990533469","https://openalex.org/W1993767369","https://openalex.org/W1994717462","https://openalex.org/W1998098377","https://openalex.org/W2005940383","https://openalex.org/W2007264028","https://openalex.org/W2007349480","https://openalex.org/W2016275879","https://openalex.org/W2019012208","https://openalex.org/W2028276007","https://openalex.org/W2031883748","https://openalex.org/W2033015605","https://openalex.org/W2033557676","https://openalex.org/W2041867251","https://openalex.org/W2048852765","https://openalex.org/W2050522311","https://openalex.org/W2059386369","https://openalex.org/W2061141762","https://openalex.org/W2061415730","https://openalex.org/W2065651045","https://openalex.org/W2067462255","https://openalex.org/W2069575347","https://openalex.org/W2076877320","https://openalex.org/W2077475248","https://openalex.org/W2080975662","https://openalex.org/W2087270126","https://openalex.org/W2088092352","https://openalex.org/W2093283364","https://openalex.org/W2096989541","https://openalex.org/W2098724382","https://openalex.org/W2101254343","https://openalex.org/W2103315560","https://openalex.org/W2105254089","https://openalex.org/W2109891197","https://openalex.org/W2111976364","https://openalex.org/W2112230262","https://openalex.org/W2112725363","https://openalex.org/W2114682864","https://openalex.org/W2114923501","https://openalex.org/W2124877004","https://openalex.org/W2126202121","https://openalex.org/W2126413585","https://openalex.org/W2128175074","https://openalex.org/W2135191756","https://openalex.org/W2135402896","https://openalex.org/W2140234734","https://openalex.org/W2140813713","https://openalex.org/W2141781039","https://openalex.org/W2142530678","https://openalex.org/W2144109948","https://openalex.org/W2147561159","https://openalex.org/W2147741767","https://openalex.org/W2147914349","https://openalex.org/W2156266318","https://openalex.org/W2158350604","https://openalex.org/W2164022200","https://openalex.org/W2166385588","https://openalex.org/W2168407031","https://openalex.org/W2170210827","https://openalex.org/W2277416104","https://openalex.org/W2333069328","https://openalex.org/W2335283087","https://openalex.org/W2340815462","https://openalex.org/W2492817069","https://openalex.org/W2777607395","https://openalex.org/W3034355295","https://openalex.org/W3035269803","https://openalex.org/W3134460396","https://openalex.org/W4253897310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031613408","https://openalex.org/W7095933057","https://openalex.org/W4411072319","https://openalex.org/W1965726963","https://openalex.org/W2495321331","https://openalex.org/W1968373851","https://openalex.org/W4255913074","https://openalex.org/W4214613108","https://openalex.org/W1985988559","https://openalex.org/W1792173754"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}