{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976036348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","title":"Studies of scientific discovery: Complementary approaches and convergent findings.","display_name":"Studies of scientific discovery: Complementary approaches and convergent findings.","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976036348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","mag":"1976036348"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75627607","display_name":"Psychological Bulletin","issn_l":"0033-2909","issn":["0033-2909","1939-1455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103376521","display_name":"David Klahr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Klahr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon U, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon U, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108357701","display_name":"Herbert A. Simon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herbert A. Simon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":60.7248,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":350,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"125","issue":"5","first_page":"524","last_page":"543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.5273000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12430","display_name":"Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology","score":0.5273000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3200","display_name":"General Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10072","display_name":"Science Education and Pedagogy","score":0.15440000593662262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.06849999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-discovery","display_name":"scientific discovery","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-scientific-discovery","display_name":"history of scientific discovery","score":0.7239999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984917352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12772819","display_name":"Scientific discovery","level":2,"score":0.5549331307411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4916728138923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3392980694770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.33727049827575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32067960500717163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3205755352973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2481212019920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2300909161567688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.125.5.524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75627607","display_name":"Psychological Bulletin","issn_l":"0033-2909","issn":["0033-2909","1939-1455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75627607","display_name":"Psychological Bulletin","issn_l":"0033-2909","issn":["0033-2909","1939-1455"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Bulletin","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.391.6611","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.391.6611","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M670_Articles/Klahr_Psych_Bulletin_1999.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":142,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W864981","https://openalex.org/W31970964","https://openalex.org/W44738745","https://openalex.org/W63161240","https://openalex.org/W107235557","https://openalex.org/W121256808","https://openalex.org/W123074727","https://openalex.org/W136713756","https://openalex.org/W153706720","https://openalex.org/W176883670","https://openalex.org/W184796844","https://openalex.org/W207462547","https://openalex.org/W242612449","https://openalex.org/W374738634","https://openalex.org/W585739399","https://openalex.org/W596704224","https://openalex.org/W605254424","https://openalex.org/W613130637","https://openalex.org/W621665963","https://openalex.org/W644186477","https://openalex.org/W822707455","https://openalex.org/W1272662941","https://openalex.org/W1481251089","https://openalex.org/W1482656806","https://openalex.org/W1486477330","https://openalex.org/W1487462397","https://openalex.org/W1490781083","https://openalex.org/W1491087240","https://openalex.org/W1515497241","https://openalex.org/W1519496632","https://openalex.org/W1534087253","https://openalex.org/W1534247818","https://openalex.org/W1535265524","https://openalex.org/W1537197851","https://openalex.org/W1557598778","https://openalex.org/W1561645246","https://openalex.org/W1563279486","https://openalex.org/W1565693361","https://openalex.org/W1581609062","https://openalex.org/W1586706588","https://openalex.org/W1605611176","https://openalex.org/W1605894186","https://openalex.org/W1607016926","https://openalex.org/W1775174774","https://openalex.org/W1778685146","https://openalex.org/W1818280829","https://openalex.org/W1849409175","https://openalex.org/W1892182310","https://openalex.org/W1899550284","https://openalex.org/W1965659198","https://openalex.org/W1965975372","https://openalex.org/W1967253999","https://openalex.org/W1968720963","https://openalex.org/W1970739522","https://openalex.org/W1972055882","https://openalex.org/W1972191699","https://openalex.org/W1974451105","https://openalex.org/W1981420039","https://openalex.org/W1982506274","https://openalex.org/W1985911228","https://openalex.org/W1986776260","https://openalex.org/W1987973485","https://openalex.org/W1994335990","https://openalex.org/W1997480541","https://openalex.org/W2001598681","https://openalex.org/W2003402500","https://openalex.org/W2003932575","https://openalex.org/W2008140633","https://openalex.org/W2008146448","https://openalex.org/W2009179626","https://openalex.org/W2012329609","https://openalex.org/W2017426411","https://openalex.org/W2020793163","https://openalex.org/W2023899683","https://openalex.org/W2024067477","https://openalex.org/W2028015998","https://openalex.org/W2030589372","https://openalex.org/W2031566136","https://openalex.org/W2032619610","https://openalex.org/W2035401298","https://openalex.org/W2036685458","https://openalex.org/W2037669048","https://openalex.org/W2044971528","https://openalex.org/W2047912851","https://openalex.org/W2052047889","https://openalex.org/W2055465226","https://openalex.org/W2060093866","https://openalex.org/W2060642394","https://openalex.org/W2061622313","https://openalex.org/W2062126323","https://openalex.org/W2064625566","https://openalex.org/W2068923254","https://openalex.org/W2070205124","https://openalex.org/W2072629384","https://openalex.org/W2075684995","https://openalex.org/W2075725716","https://openalex.org/W2077001902","https://openalex.org/W2077586206","https://openalex.org/W2077796070","https://openalex.org/W2078741481","https://openalex.org/W2080715598","https://openalex.org/W2082125011","https://openalex.org/W2082560533","https://openalex.org/W2085763587","https://openalex.org/W2085886084","https://openalex.org/W2087107422","https://openalex.org/W2090892192","https://openalex.org/W2095312139","https://openalex.org/W2095515818","https://openalex.org/W2103455459","https://openalex.org/W2115704439","https://openalex.org/W2124371667","https://openalex.org/W2127015553","https://openalex.org/W2128922142","https://openalex.org/W2131370811","https://openalex.org/W2132987131","https://openalex.org/W2135241964","https://openalex.org/W2144343387","https://openalex.org/W2149142612","https://openalex.org/W2155086308","https://openalex.org/W2156827572","https://openalex.org/W2186360850","https://openalex.org/W2270405047","https://openalex.org/W2286178322","https://openalex.org/W2323725452","https://openalex.org/W2323746689","https://openalex.org/W2324230317","https://openalex.org/W2333057202","https://openalex.org/W2333196491","https://openalex.org/W2373637081","https://openalex.org/W2491138228","https://openalex.org/W2515951737","https://openalex.org/W2530159015","https://openalex.org/W2618844394","https://openalex.org/W2618996857","https://openalex.org/W2745030505","https://openalex.org/W2997249208","https://openalex.org/W3012055735","https://openalex.org/W3045295522","https://openalex.org/W3112742954","https://openalex.org/W3201049659","https://openalex.org/W4243216998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112558094","https://openalex.org/W2567621293","https://openalex.org/W2354606045","https://openalex.org/W112024715","https://openalex.org/W2323746689","https://openalex.org/W2013457339","https://openalex.org/W822707455","https://openalex.org/W7099180860","https://openalex.org/W2361206279","https://openalex.org/W2998483464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,144],"review":[1],"integrates":[2],"4":[3],"major":[4,67],"approaches":[5,84],"to":[6,23,81,135,137],"the":[7,42,45,58,66,82,98,130,150,159],"study":[8,59,163],"of":[9,12,28,35,44,47,60,65,94,97,100,106,129,141,158],"science\u2014historical":[10],"accounts":[11],"scientific":[13,24,30,36,61,101,114,142,164],"discoveries,":[14,25],"psychological":[15],"experiments":[16],"with":[17],"nonscientists":[18],"working":[19],"on":[20,113,126],"tasks":[21],"related":[22],"direct":[26],"observation":[27],"ongoing":[29],"laboratories,":[31],"and":[32,69,73,85,155],"computational":[33],"modeling":[34],"discovery":[37,115,131],"processes\u2014by":[38],"viewing":[39],"them":[40],"through":[41],"lens":[43],"theory":[46,140],"human":[48],"problem":[49],"solving.":[50],"The":[51,103],"authors":[52],"provide":[53,91],"a":[54,63,138],"brief":[55],"justification":[56],"for":[57,71],"discovery,":[62,165],"summary":[64],"approaches,":[68],"criteria":[70,80],"comparing":[72],"contrasting":[74],"them.":[75],"Then,":[76],"they":[77,90],"apply":[78],"these":[79,121],"different":[83,119],"indicate":[86],"their":[87],"complementarities.":[88],"Finally,":[89],"several":[92],"examples":[93],"convergent":[95],"principles":[96],"process":[99],"discovery.":[102,143],"central":[104],"thesis":[105],"this":[107],"article":[108],"is":[109,146],"that":[110,162],"although":[111],"research":[112,153],"has":[116],"taken":[117],"many":[118],"paths,":[120],"paths":[122],"show":[123],"remarkable":[124],"convergence":[125,145],"key":[127],"aspects":[128],"processes,":[132],"allowing":[133],"one":[134],"aspire":[136],"general":[139],"often":[147],"obscured":[148],"by":[149],"disparate":[151],"cultures,":[152],"methodologies,":[154],"theoretical":[156],"foundations":[157],"various":[160],"disciplines":[161],"including":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
