{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975284201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","title":"The evolution of vertebrate flight","display_name":"The evolution of vertebrate flight","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975284201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","mag":"1975284201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98424699","display_name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","issn_l":"0024-4066","issn":["0024-4066","1095-8312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108375811","display_name":"Jeremy M. V. Rayner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JEREMY M. V. RAYNER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 IUG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 IUG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108375811"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"apc_list":{"value":2685,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3541},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77674897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"3","first_page":"269","last_page":"287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10955","display_name":"Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology","score":0.8422999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.13099999725818634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11354","display_name":"Evolution and Paleontology Studies","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1911","display_name":"Paleontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flapping-flight","display_name":"flapping flight","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birds","display_name":"birds","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bats","display_name":"bats","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pterosaurs","display_name":"pterosaurs","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeopteryx","display_name":"Archaeopteryx","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theropods","display_name":"theropod dinosaurs","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flapping-wing-aerodynamics","display_name":"flapping wing aerodynamics","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-morphology","display_name":"functional morphology","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flight-dynamics","display_name":"flight dynamics","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wing-kinematics","display_name":"wing kinematics","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-evidence","display_name":"fossil evidence","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8289586305618286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778961482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241","display_name":"Vertebrate","level":3,"score":0.6070429682731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.44384169578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203174812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241565","display_name":"Woodland","level":2,"score":0.44097772240638733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.4144396185874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3104838728904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01963.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98424699","display_name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","issn_l":"0024-4066","issn":["0024-4066","1095-8312"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doc.rero.ch:20091210004951-ZZ","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/16246/files/PAL_E3494.pdf","pdf_url":"http://doc.rero.ch/record/16246/files/PAL_E3494.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400148","display_name":"reroDoc Digital Library","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23418293","https://openalex.org/W1492783309","https://openalex.org/W1530945713","https://openalex.org/W1970419569","https://openalex.org/W1978932799","https://openalex.org/W1989145061","https://openalex.org/W1993657614","https://openalex.org/W2036681047","https://openalex.org/W2037428143","https://openalex.org/W2038766380","https://openalex.org/W2067054145","https://openalex.org/W2085277132","https://openalex.org/W2086520189","https://openalex.org/W2127259175","https://openalex.org/W2165647247","https://openalex.org/W2166952402","https://openalex.org/W2312806459","https://openalex.org/W2320712727","https://openalex.org/W2324133927","https://openalex.org/W2342598562","https://openalex.org/W2480972198","https://openalex.org/W2490424080","https://openalex.org/W2766025990","https://openalex.org/W2796678557","https://openalex.org/W2967848123","https://openalex.org/W3158295341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2322883547","https://openalex.org/W1998103775","https://openalex.org/W2184627608","https://openalex.org/W2048456105","https://openalex.org/W2166282487","https://openalex.org/W3087112427","https://openalex.org/W2220721783","https://openalex.org/W2183927174","https://openalex.org/W27137718","https://openalex.org/W639747108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flight\u2013defined":[0],"as":[1],"the":[2,11,15,41,57,60,66,77,93,99,104,107,126,158,164,167,172,175,189,202,217],"ability":[3],"to":[4,32,37,54,154],"produce":[5],"useful":[6],"aerodynamic":[7],"forces":[8],"by":[9,26],"flapping":[10,96,186,239],"wings\u2013is":[12],"one":[13],"of":[14,46,59,69,76,92,95,106,109,117,133,163,166,174],"most":[16],"striking":[17],"adaptations":[18],"in":[19,30,35,52,84,90,103,147,151,212,228],"vertebrates.":[20],"Its":[21,181],"origin":[22,116],"has":[23],"been":[24],"surrounded":[25],"considerable":[27],"controversy,":[28],"due":[29],"part":[31,36,53],"terminological":[33],"inconsistencies,":[34],"phylogenetic":[38],"uncertainty":[39],"over":[40,56,65],"sister":[42],"groups":[43],"and":[44,49,51,64,72,82,87,89,120,123,129,221,230,237],"relationships":[45],"birds,":[47],"bats":[48,231],"pterosaurs,":[50],"disagreement":[55],"interpretation":[58],"available":[61],"fossil":[62,159],"evidence":[63],"relative":[67],"importance":[68],"morphological,":[70],"mechanical":[71,100,122],"ecological":[73,124],"specializations.":[74],"Study":[75],"correlation":[78],"between":[79],"functional":[80],"morphology":[81,182],"mechanics":[83],"contemporary":[85],"birds":[86,152,229],"bats,":[88,148],"particular":[91],"aerodynamics":[94],"wings,":[97],"clarifies":[98],"changes":[101],"needed":[102],"course":[105],"evolution":[108],"flight.":[110],"This":[111],"strongly":[112],"favours":[113],"a":[114,213,233,244],"gliding":[115,245],"tetrapod":[118],"flight,":[119],"on":[121],"grounds":[125],"alternative":[127],"cursorial":[128],"fluttering":[130],"hypotheses":[131],"(neither":[132],"which":[134,193,205],"is":[135,144,219,232],"at":[136,188],"present":[137],"well-defined)":[138],"may":[139],"be":[140,195,207],"discounted.":[141],"The":[142],"argument":[143],"particularly":[145],"strong":[146],"but":[149,199],"weaker":[150],"owing":[153],"apparent":[155],"inconsistencies":[156],"with":[157,197],"evidence.":[160],"However,":[161],"study":[162],"fossils":[165],"Jurassic":[168],"theropod":[169],"dinosaur":[170],"Archaeopteryx,":[171],"sister-group":[173],"stem-group":[176],"proto-birds,":[177],"supports":[178],"this":[179],"view.":[180],"indicates":[183],"adaptation":[184],"for":[185,201,209],"flight":[187,211,227,240],"moderately":[190],"high":[191],"speeds":[192,204],"would":[194,206],"associated":[196],"gliding,":[198],"not":[200],"slow":[203],"required":[208],"incipient":[210],"running":[214],"cursor,":[215],"where":[216],"wingbeat":[218],"aerodynamically":[220],"kinematically":[222],"considerably":[223],"more":[224,234],"complex.":[225],"Slow":[226],"derived":[235],"condition,":[236],"vertebrate":[238],"apparently":[241],"evolved":[242],"through":[243],"stage.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}