{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1975199065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","title":"Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial organisms isolated from rats","display_name":"Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial organisms isolated from rats","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1975199065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","mag":"1975199065","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199446"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/8934/1579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/8934/1579","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025911275","display_name":"Francis Gakuya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7245-746X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7245-746X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","display_name":"University of Nairobi","ror":"https://ror.org/02y9nww90","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. M. Gakuya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya","Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111586086","display_name":"M. N. Kyule","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. Kyule","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009176957","display_name":"Peter Baaro Gathura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-0342","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1344-0342"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. B. Gathura","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039144193","display_name":"Samuel Kariuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-9503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3209-9503"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kariuki","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1756,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46953236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"12","first_page":"646","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.7997999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.1597999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10486","display_name":"Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-resistance","display_name":"antimicrobial resistance","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rats","display_name":"rats","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salmonella-typhimurium","display_name":"Salmonella typhimurium","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/klebsiella-pneumoniae","display_name":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterobacter","display_name":"Enterobacter","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudomonas-aeruginosa","display_name":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/burkholderia-cepacia","display_name":"Burkholderia cepacia","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-susceptibility","display_name":"antibiotic susceptibility","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nairobi","display_name":"Nairobi","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-hazards","display_name":"public health hazards","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.7889491319656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775876089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281082","display_name":"Nalidixic acid","level":4,"score":0.6826239228248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4937899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68541106","display_name":"Antimicrobial","level":2,"score":0.6241979598999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.5756206512451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780796207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2696880","display_name":"Morganella morganii","level":5,"score":0.564838171005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4038096","display_name":"Enterobacter cloacae","level":5,"score":0.5529756546020508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778709256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5122842","display_name":"Citrobacter freundii","level":5,"score":0.5112810134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778983983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134281","display_name":"Enterobacter","level":4,"score":0.4900466203689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.48471903800964355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775832221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422482","display_name":"Gentamicin","level":3,"score":0.48146119713783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417968","display_name":"Cefotaxime","level":3,"score":0.43210598826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776021129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244150","display_name":"Ampicillin","level":3,"score":0.4263024628162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779425571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415843","display_name":"Sulfamethoxazole","level":3,"score":0.41723042726516724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780923616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193045","display_name":"Tetracycline","level":3,"score":0.4170495867729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777058267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132592","display_name":"Klebsiella pneumoniae","level":4,"score":0.4032691717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.2288084626197815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547475151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25419","display_name":"Escherichia coli","level":3,"score":0.1814134120941162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001419","descriptor_name":"Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001419","descriptor_name":"Bacteria","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004197","descriptor_name":"Disease Reservoirs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008826","descriptor_name":"Microbial Sensitivity Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D024881","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/8934/1579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12199446","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12199446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:11295/36314","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/36314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402107","display_name":"University of Nairobi Research Archive (University of Nairobi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12859529","host_organization_name":"University of Nairobi","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12859529"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eamj.v78i12.8934","pdf_url":"https://www.ajol.info/index.php/eamj/article/download/8934/1579","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4140075","display_name":"East African Medical Journal","issn_l":"0012-835X","issn":["0012-835X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Medical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1975199065.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093312356","https://openalex.org/W7221476407","https://openalex.org/W2993230740","https://openalex.org/W3114534146","https://openalex.org/W4383187061","https://openalex.org/W2137132953","https://openalex.org/W4404994894","https://openalex.org/W1547599775","https://openalex.org/W2243961704","https://openalex.org/W3052096567"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"if":[3],"antimicrobial":[4,53,152],"resistance":[5,111,163,194],"occurs":[6],"in":[7,24,186],"various":[8,114],"bacterial":[9,41,67,149],"species":[10,42,49,68,150],"isolated":[11,44,69],"from":[12,22,45,144],"rats.":[13],"METHOD:":[14],"Two":[15],"hundred":[16],"and":[17,25,32,36,72,102,129,134,180],"fifteen":[18],"rats":[19,143],"were":[20,30,43,50],"trapped":[21],"areas":[23],"around":[26],"Nairobi,":[27],"Kenya.":[28],"They":[29],"sacrificed":[31],"their":[33],"intestinal,":[34],"liver":[35],"spleen":[37],"specimens":[38],"obtained.":[39],"Various":[40],"these":[46,192],"specimens.":[47],"The":[48,66,139],"analysed":[51],"for":[52,118,132,136,161],"susceptibility":[54],"to":[55,112,188],"12":[56],"commonly":[57],"used":[58],"antimicrobials":[59,115],"using":[60],"the":[61,108,110,113,145],"disc":[62],"diffusion":[63],"technique.":[64],"RESULTS:":[65],"included":[70],"pathogenic":[71,74],"potentially":[73],"ones":[75],"such":[76],"as":[77],"Escherichia":[78],"coli":[79],"137,":[80],"Salmonella":[81],"typhimurium":[82],"1,":[83],"Klebsiella":[84],"pneumoniae":[85],"2,":[86,92],"Enterobacter":[87,90],"cloacae":[88],"4,":[89],"sakazakii":[91],"Citrobacter":[93],"freundii":[94],"3,":[95],"Morganella":[96],"morganii":[97],"(2),":[98],"Pseudomonas":[99],"aeruginosa":[100],"2":[101],"Burkhoddria":[103],"cepacia":[104],"6.":[105],"Depending":[106],"on":[107],"species,":[109],"were:":[116],"0-100%":[117],"cefotaxime,":[119],"nalidixic":[120],"acid,":[121],"cefuroxime,":[122],"tetracycline,":[123],"chloramphenicol,":[124],"co-amoxyclav,":[125],"sulfamethoxazole,":[126],"ampicillin,":[127],"trimethoprim":[128],"cephradine,":[130],"0-66.6%":[131],"gentamicin":[133],"0-25%":[135],"apramycin.":[137],"CONCLUSION:":[138],"results":[140],"showed":[141],"that,":[142],"study":[146],"area":[147],"harboured":[148],"with":[151],"resistance.":[153],"These":[154],"micro-organisms":[155],"may":[156],"form":[157],"an":[158],"important":[159],"reservoir":[160],"antibiotic":[162],"which":[164],"could":[165],"pose":[166],"a":[167],"public":[168],"health":[169],"hazard.":[170],"Control":[171],"of":[172,177,191],"rat":[173],"populations,":[174],"better":[175],"management":[176],"sewer":[178],"systems":[179],"waste":[181],"dumping":[182],"sites":[183],"are":[184],"recommended":[185],"order":[187],"reduce":[189],"occurrence":[190],"drug":[193],"reservoirs.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}