{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1974965835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","title":"The End Can Justify the Means--But Rarely","display_name":"The End Can Justify the Means--But Rarely","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1974965835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","mag":"1974965835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202325945","display_name":"Journal of Mass Media Ethics","issn_l":"0890-0523","issn":["0890-0523","1532-7728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mass Media Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003387566","display_name":"Warren G. Bov\u00e9e","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Warren G. Bovee","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003387566"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91795637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"135","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.899399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13625","display_name":"Journalism and Media Studies","score":0.899399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11058","display_name":"Ethics in Business and Education","score":0.06030000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10297","display_name":"Philosophical Ethics and Theory","score":0.018799999728798866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/journalism-ethics","display_name":"journalism ethics","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-laxity","display_name":"moral laxity","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-decision-making","display_name":"ethical decision-making","score":0.7319999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74296488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2527392","display_name":"End-to-end principle","level":2,"score":0.44778382778167725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43350762128829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4323437809944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4148259162902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.39528006315231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.35771387815475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3495047688484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.306135356426239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2770892381668091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.14800098538398743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12281841039657593}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme0603_1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202325945","display_name":"Journal of Mass Media Ethics","issn_l":"0890-0523","issn":["0890-0523","1532-7728"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Mass Media Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/844321","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/844321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:102388","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576651029","https://openalex.org/W1542305406","https://openalex.org/W1607083162","https://openalex.org/W1983262717","https://openalex.org/W2016826192","https://openalex.org/W2057324311","https://openalex.org/W2071766830","https://openalex.org/W2082998366","https://openalex.org/W2800311108","https://openalex.org/W3158035658","https://openalex.org/W4249665782","https://openalex.org/W6636421295","https://openalex.org/W6794186636","https://openalex.org/W7058504096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969475761","https://openalex.org/W2940308872","https://openalex.org/W2300831740","https://openalex.org/W1966158874","https://openalex.org/W2479759519","https://openalex.org/W2434585330","https://openalex.org/W77431993","https://openalex.org/W2416293497","https://openalex.org/W7082522620","https://openalex.org/W4404836881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Journalists":[0],"say":[1],"sometimes":[2],"that":[3],"the":[4,9,25,29],"end":[5,26],"does":[6],"not":[7],"justify":[8,28],"means,":[10,30],"but":[11],"they":[12],"can":[13,27],"act":[14],"otherwise.":[15],"Even":[16],"if":[17],"there":[18],"are":[19,33],"only":[20],"rare":[21],"instances":[22],"in":[23],"which":[24],"some":[31],"guidelines":[32],"needed":[34],"to":[35,47],"determine":[36],"when":[37],"those":[38],"situations":[39],"exist.":[40],"I":[41],"propose":[42],"six":[43],"questions":[44],"for":[45,52],"application":[46],"this":[48],"thorny":[49],"issue":[50],"and":[51,58],"avoiding":[53],"extremes":[54],"of":[55],"moral":[56],"laxity":[57],"false":[59],"scrupulosity.":[60]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
