{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1973643232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","title":"Nanocrystalline tungsten carbide: As incompressible as diamond","display_name":"Nanocrystalline tungsten carbide: As incompressible as diamond","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1973643232","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","mag":"1973643232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3268457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1973643232"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101804918","display_name":"Zhijun Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0326-3896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0326-3896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijun Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100403188","display_name":"Lin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6872-7236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6872-7236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196817621","display_name":"Carnegie Institution for Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr01610","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391768279","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of High Pressure and Superhard Materials","ror":"https://ror.org/03sjvjt84","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4391768279"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Institution of Washington 2 HPSynC, , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA","Jilin University 3 State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Institution of Washington 2 HPSynC, , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University 3 State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I4391768279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002896003","display_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1782","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-1782"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110761364","display_name":"Ho\u2010kwang Mao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196817621","display_name":"Carnegie Institution for Science","ror":"https://ror.org/04jr01610","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-kwang Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Institution of Washington 2 HPSynC, , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Institution of Washington 2 HPSynC, , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196817621"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004203338","display_name":"Yusheng Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-5216","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1640-5216"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Los Alamos National Laboratory 1 LANSCE Division, , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93191208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"95","issue":"21","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12099","display_name":"Advanced materials and composites","score":0.6431000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2503","display_name":"Ceramics and Composites"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12099","display_name":"Advanced materials and composites","score":0.6431000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2503","display_name":"Ceramics and Composites"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11341","display_name":"Boron and Carbon Nanomaterials Research","score":0.32280001044273376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10377","display_name":"Metal and Thin Film Mechanics","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tungsten-carbide","display_name":"tungsten carbide","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanocrystalline-materials","display_name":"nanocrystalline materials","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressibility","display_name":"compressibility","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bulk-modulus","display_name":"bulk modulus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropic-compressibility","display_name":"anisotropic compressibility","score":0.7580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8143161535263062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140676511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6964018","display_name":"Nanocrystalline material","level":2,"score":0.7905712127685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84655787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8067817","display_name":"Compressibility","level":2,"score":0.7703908681869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781422231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423265","display_name":"Tungsten carbide","level":2,"score":0.7583067417144775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776921476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283","display_name":"Diamond","level":2,"score":0.699600875377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94406020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900371","display_name":"Bulk modulus","level":2,"score":0.6874458193778992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175854130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98276914","display_name":"Nanocrystal","level":2,"score":0.5706727504730225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.5569382905960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21368211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689863","display_name":"Synchrotron","level":2,"score":0.5262022614479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5335593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241906","display_name":"Carbide","level":2,"score":0.5033404231071472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152365726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589","display_name":"Density functional theory","level":2,"score":0.4882257282733917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.46419063210487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.448299378156662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.4429395794868469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.403110146522522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3917383551597595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.23108458518981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.110201895236969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147597530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369472","display_name":"Computational chemistry","level":1,"score":0.09596550464630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.07159954309463501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06412282586097717}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1063/1.3268457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3268457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105243760","display_name":"Applied Physics Letters","issn_l":"0003-6951","issn":["0003-6951","1077-3118","1520-8842"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320257","host_organization_name":"American Institute of Physics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320257"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Physics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1968731142","display_name":"CENTER FOR ENERGY FRONTIER RESEARCH IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS (EFREE) -- EFRC","funder_award_id":"DESC0001057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536520650","https://openalex.org/W1566693097","https://openalex.org/W1977785466","https://openalex.org/W1983874564","https://openalex.org/W1997126459","https://openalex.org/W1999231710","https://openalex.org/W2004130503","https://openalex.org/W2008319486","https://openalex.org/W2015695183","https://openalex.org/W2025838043","https://openalex.org/W2056623834","https://openalex.org/W2087585288","https://openalex.org/W2094247701","https://openalex.org/W2099077825","https://openalex.org/W2166244948","https://openalex.org/W2170235807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973696121","https://openalex.org/W3125828769","https://openalex.org/W2036178180","https://openalex.org/W2090663904","https://openalex.org/W2048386410","https://openalex.org/W1989461601","https://openalex.org/W2007972490","https://openalex.org/W2053592212","https://openalex.org/W2004197172","https://openalex.org/W2134039922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigate":[1],"the":[2,77],"compressibility":[3,84],"of":[4,23,44,55,80],"nanocrystalline":[5],"tungsten":[6],"carbide":[7],"(nano-WC)":[8],"using":[9],"synchrotron":[10],"x-ray":[11],"diffraction.":[12],"Nano-WC":[13],"displays":[14],"a":[15,41,47,86],"bulk":[16,34,53,88],"modulus":[17,89],"(452":[18],"GPa)":[19],"comparable":[20],"to":[21,63],"that":[22],"diamond;":[24],"it":[25],"is":[26,38],"10%\u201315%":[27],"larger":[28],"than":[29],"previously":[30],"reported":[31],"values":[32],"for":[33,90],"WC.":[35,92],"This":[36],"finding":[37],"consistent":[39],"with":[40,46],"generalized":[42],"model":[43],"nanocrystal":[45],"compressed":[48],"surface":[49],"layer.":[50],"The":[51],"linear":[52,83],"moduli":[54],"nano-WC":[56],"along":[57],"a-":[58],"and":[59,66,85],"c-axes":[60],"were":[61],"determined":[62],"be":[64],"407":[65],"546":[67],"GPa,":[68],"respectively.":[69],"First-principles":[70],"density":[71],"functional":[72],"theory":[73],"(DFT)":[74],"calculations":[75],"confirm":[76],"experimental":[78],"observations":[79],"an":[81],"anisotropic":[82],"lower":[87],"microsized":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}