{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1973508334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","title":"Response of the Head, Neck and Torso to Pendulum Impacts on the Back","display_name":"Response of the Head, Neck and Torso to Pendulum Impacts on the Back","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1973508334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","mag":"1973508334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/10286580108902573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213558","display_name":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control","issn_l":"1028-6586","issn":["1028-6586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041617029","display_name":"David C. Viano","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118136607","display_name":"General Motors (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05addee68","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"DAVID C. VIANO","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","b Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden","c General Motors R&D Center/Saab Automobile AB Warren , MI, 48090-9055 /SE-461 80, Trollhattan, Sweden","Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden","General Motors R&D Center/Saab Automobile AB Warren , MI, 48090-9055 /SE-461 80, Trollhattan, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"b Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"c General Motors R&D Center/Saab Automobile AB Warren , MI, 48090-9055 /SE-461 80, Trollhattan, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Motors R&D Center/Saab Automobile AB Warren , MI, 48090-9055 /SE-461 80, Trollhattan, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111802079","display_name":"Warren N. Hardy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"WARREN N. HARDY","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071796645","display_name":"Albert I. King","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6414-9611","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6414-9611"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185443292","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"ALBERT I. KING","raw_affiliation_strings":["a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"a Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioengineering Center, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, 48202","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185443292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041617029"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118136607","https://openalex.org/I185443292","https://openalex.org/I66862912"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78724249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"289","last_page":"306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13001","display_name":"Restraint-Related Deaths","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pendulum-impact","display_name":"pendulum impact","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rear-impact","display_name":"rear impact","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-kinematics","display_name":"head kinematics","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine-injury","display_name":"cervical spine injury","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chest-deflection","display_name":"chest deflection","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-rotation","display_name":"head rotation","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cervical-spine-fractures","display_name":"cervical spine fractures","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rib-fractures","display_name":"rib fractures","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-speed-imaging","display_name":"high-speed imaging","score":0.5809999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523889960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160695","display_name":"Torso","level":2,"score":0.9543590545654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170700871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193378","display_name":"Biomechanics","level":2,"score":0.5995176434516907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91762617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48422","display_name":"Cadaver","level":2,"score":0.5885612368583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5455996990203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110639684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20702","display_name":"Pendulum","level":2,"score":0.4770759344100952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5953086","display_name":"Hybrid III","level":3,"score":0.4728196859359741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.44703853130340576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.43964633345603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.42894574999809265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2533308267593384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2523261308670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22096237540245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/10286580108902573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580108902573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213558","display_name":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control","issn_l":"1028-6586","issn":["1028-6586"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309272","display_name":"Wayne State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01070mq45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323319","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W37028238","https://openalex.org/W54520836","https://openalex.org/W192083258","https://openalex.org/W1486068893","https://openalex.org/W1487729463","https://openalex.org/W1489567249","https://openalex.org/W1512184926","https://openalex.org/W1520112212","https://openalex.org/W1524460560","https://openalex.org/W1535984539","https://openalex.org/W1542506096","https://openalex.org/W1577958676","https://openalex.org/W1584003833","https://openalex.org/W1588819704","https://openalex.org/W1969995353","https://openalex.org/W2045471523","https://openalex.org/W2062916136","https://openalex.org/W2124564278","https://openalex.org/W2125645803","https://openalex.org/W2129135420","https://openalex.org/W2180113523","https://openalex.org/W2484747000","https://openalex.org/W2504380268","https://openalex.org/W2667700230","https://openalex.org/W4205635182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964182388","https://openalex.org/W2063408302","https://openalex.org/W1940255778","https://openalex.org/W2058670319","https://openalex.org/W4386910350","https://openalex.org/W1573018372","https://openalex.org/W2015402923","https://openalex.org/W80582358","https://openalex.org/W2169434275","https://openalex.org/W6991677746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pendulum":[0],"impacts":[1,24,170],"on":[2,41],"the":[3,42,49,59,63,68,72,94,105,126],"back":[4],"were":[5,18,37,78],"conducted":[6,38],"to":[7,20,104,131],"determine":[8],"human":[9],"head,":[10,69],"neck":[11,118,122,139,151,177],"and":[12,28,33,46,66,70,76,83,98,141,159,175,179],"torso":[13,60,106],"biomechanics.":[14],"Eight":[15],"unembalmed":[16],"cadavers":[17],"subjected":[19],"23.4":[21],"kg":[22],"pendulum":[23],"at":[25,31],"4.4":[26],"m/s":[27,30],"6.6":[29],"T1":[32],"T6.":[34],"Twenty-four":[35],"tests":[36],"with":[39,102,115,134,150,156],"accelerometers":[40],"pendulum,":[43],"spine,":[44],"torso,":[45],"head":[47,81,95,127,173],"in":[48,90,138,172],"WSU":[50],"3-2-2-2":[51],"array.":[52],"High-speed":[53],"photography":[54],"was":[55],"taken.":[56],"Impact":[57],"displaces":[58,65,96,142],"forward,":[61],"deflects":[62],"chest,":[64],"rotates":[67,128],"extends":[71],"neck.":[73],"Average":[74],"responses":[75,167],"corridors":[77],"determined":[79],"for":[80,168],"kinematics":[82],"chest":[84,160,165],"force-deflection.":[85],"The":[86],"head-neck":[87],"response":[88],"occurs":[89],"two":[91],"phases.":[92],"First,":[93],"upwards":[97],"rearwards":[99],"30\u201440":[100],"mm":[101,144],"respect":[103],"along":[107],"a":[108,135],"45\u00b0":[109],"trajectory.":[110],"Head":[111],"rotation":[112],"is":[113],"1O\u00b0-15\u00b0":[114],"essentially":[116],"no":[117],"moment,":[119],"but":[120],"high":[121],"compression":[123],"forces.":[124],"Second,":[125],"from":[129],"10\u00b0-15\u00b0":[130],"40\u00b0-55\u00b0":[132],"starting":[133],"rapid":[136],"rise":[137],"moment":[140],"80\u2013100":[143],"rearward.":[145],"Anterior":[146],"cervical":[147],"fractures":[148,154],"correlate":[149,155],"tension.":[152],"Rib":[153],"impact":[157],"force":[158],"deflection.":[161],"This":[162],"study":[163],"provides":[164],"bio-mechanical":[166],"rear":[169],"resulting":[171],"displacement":[174],"rotation,":[176],"extension":[178],"cervical-thoracic":[180],"injury.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}