{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1973064686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","title":"Graduate Medical Education, 1998-1999","display_name":"Graduate Medical Education, 1998-1999","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1973064686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","mag":"1973064686","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10478692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.282.9.855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108277204","display_name":"Rebecca S. Miller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865767359","display_name":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00asaax56","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865767359"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca S. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operations and Data Analysis, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL 60610, USA. rmiller@acgme.org","Operations and Data Analysis, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL 60610, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations and Data Analysis, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL 60610, USA. rmiller@acgme.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865767359"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations and Data Analysis, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, Chicago, IL 60610, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865767359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108806759","display_name":"Marvin R. Dunn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin R. Dunn","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022437507","display_name":"Thomas Richter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-653X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-653X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Richter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98174466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"282","issue":"9","first_page":"855","last_page":"855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.7461000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":0.7461000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.15000000596046448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.04809999838471413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postgraduate-medical-education","display_name":"graduate medical education","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-residents","display_name":"medical residents","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-workforce","display_name":"physician workforce","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specialty-distribution","display_name":"specialty distribution","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-medical-graduates","display_name":"international medical graduates","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care-residency","display_name":"primary care residency","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resident-attrition","display_name":"resident attrition","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balanced-budget-act-of-1997","display_name":"Balanced Budget Act of 1997","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-workforce-planning","display_name":"physician workforce planning","score":0.5270000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8193786144256592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779767262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5592059","display_name":"Graduate medical education","level":3,"score":0.7384834289550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20387591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930752","display_name":"Specialty","level":2,"score":0.7358496785163879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.6422401070594788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126249665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3146723","display_name":"IMG","level":2,"score":0.5804389119148254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.5282268524169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.464194655418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61521584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705899","display_name":"Accreditation","level":2,"score":0.20803400874137878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004503","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Graduate","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004503","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Graduate","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005550","descriptor_name":"Foreign Medical Graduates","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007396","descriptor_name":"Internship and Residency","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008511","descriptor_name":"Medicine","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013038","descriptor_name":"Specialization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/jama.282.9.855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.855","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S172573765","display_name":"JAMA","issn_l":"0002-9955","issn":["0002-9955","0098-7484","1538-3598","2376-8118"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10478692","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10478692","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"JAMA","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4000000059604645},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984895082","https://openalex.org/W2004885742","https://openalex.org/W2028373717","https://openalex.org/W4242742320"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069248817","https://openalex.org/W2915513401","https://openalex.org/W2056225674","https://openalex.org/W1992139987","https://openalex.org/W2089339678","https://openalex.org/W2013936006","https://openalex.org/W2916337109","https://openalex.org/W1969212578","https://openalex.org/W2028373717","https://openalex.org/W2791383299"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,9,25,45,62,77,90,111,121,125,147,151,162,204,243,247,251,261,265,277,294,311],"ever-present":[2],"risk":[3],"of":[4,27,37,51,103,127,137,153,164,207,217,263,267,283,298],"a":[5],"critical":[6],"imbalance":[7],"in":[8,22,44,116,198,236,246,310],"physician":[10,312],"workforce":[11],"total":[12,101,205],"numbers":[13,237],"and":[14,161,241,325],"specialty":[15],"distribution,":[16],"no":[17],"systematic":[18],"planning":[19],"mechanism":[20],"is":[21],"place.":[23],"Furthermore,":[24],"length":[26],"training":[28,184,222],"for":[29,56,201,242],"graduate":[30],"medical":[31,139,166],"education":[32],"(GME)":[33],"precludes":[34],"timely":[35],"rectification":[36],"imbalances.":[38],"We":[39],"report":[40],"GME":[41,142,157,170,199,221,291],"activities":[42],"collected":[43],"American":[46],"Medical":[47,53],"Association":[48],"Annual":[49],"Survey":[50],"Graduate":[52],"Education":[54],"Programs":[55],"1998-1999,":[57],"along":[58],"with":[59],"trends":[60],"during":[61,76,89,110,146,276],"last":[63,112,148,278],"3":[64,279],"to":[65,130,172,181,289,319,322],"6":[66,149],"years.":[67,280],"These":[68],"data":[69],"initially":[70],"suggest":[71],"that":[72],"little":[73],"has":[74,107,209],"changed":[75],"past":[78,91,248],"several":[79,113],"years;":[80],"however,":[81],"on":[82],"closer":[83],"examination,":[84],"small":[85],"but":[86],"significant":[87,213],"changes":[88,285,309],"2":[92],"years":[93],"may":[94,286],"have":[95,255],"serious":[96],"consequences":[97],"if":[98],"continued.":[99],"The":[100,135],"number":[102,126,136,152,163,206,266],"resident":[104],"physicians,":[105],"which":[106],"been":[108],"constant":[109],"years,":[114,150,250],"decreased":[115],"1998":[117],"by":[118,159,274],"760":[119],"from":[120],"previous":[122],"year,":[123],"while":[124],"programs":[128,143,200,270],"continues":[129],"increase":[131],"(6.1%":[132],"since":[133,176],"1993).":[134,177],"US":[138,187,225],"graduates":[140,155,167,188],"entering":[141,156,169,220],"remained":[144],"stable":[145],"osteopathic":[154],"increased":[158,273],"55.7%,":[160],"international":[165],"(IMGs)":[168],"continued":[171],"drop":[173],"(down":[174],"13.2%":[175],"More":[178],"IMGs":[179,195,208,218],"tend":[180],"pursue":[182],"additional":[183],"than":[185],"do":[186],"(in":[189],"1997,":[190,299],"32.9%":[191],"vs":[192],"23.6%).":[193],"Because":[194],"are":[196,223,233,303],"remaining":[197],"longer":[202],"periods,":[203],"not":[210,234],"yet":[211],"reflected":[212],"change.":[214],"About":[215],"62%":[216],"now":[219],"either":[224],"citizens":[226],"or":[227],"permanent":[228],"residents;":[229],"ethnic":[230],"minority":[231],"residents":[232,268],"decreasing":[235],"as":[238,327],"some":[239,282],"predicted;":[240],"first":[244],"time":[245],"5":[249],"primary":[252],"care":[253],"specialties":[254],"ceased":[256],"their":[257],"persistent":[258],"growth.":[259],"Toward":[260],"end":[262],"GME,":[264],"leaving":[269],"before":[271],"completion":[272],"5.7%":[275],"While":[281],"these":[284,314],"be":[287,317,323],"ascribed":[288],"reduced":[290],"funding":[292],"through":[293],"Balanced":[295],"Budget":[296],"Act":[297],"other":[300],"factors":[301,315],"clearly":[302],"at":[304],"play.":[305],"To":[306],"anticipate":[307],"future":[308],"workforce,":[313],"should":[316],"identified":[318],"permit":[320],"them":[321],"monitored":[324],"modified":[326],"needed.":[328]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}