{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972986231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","title":"Analysis on unevenness of skin color using the melanin and hemoglobin components separated by independent component analysis of skin color image","display_name":"Analysis on unevenness of skin color using the melanin and hemoglobin components separated by independent component analysis of skin color image","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972986231","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","mag":"1972986231"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.873494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112312216","display_name":"Nobutoshi Ojima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7632-7009","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7632-7009"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207623266","display_name":"Kao Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/016t1kc57","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nobutoshi Ojima","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAO Corp. (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAO Corp. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071102601","display_name":"Izumi Fujiwara","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Izumi Fujiwara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022557816","display_name":"Yayoi Inoue","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207623266","display_name":"Kao Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/016t1kc57","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yayoi Inoue","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAO Corp. (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAO Corp. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109934226","display_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norimichi Tsumura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038644272","display_name":"Toshiya Nakaguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-6178","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-6178"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159385669","display_name":"Chiba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hjzeq58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiya Nakaguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Univ. (Japan)","Chiba University (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Univ. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba University (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159385669"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040629554","display_name":"Kayoko Iwata","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207623266","display_name":"Kao Corporation (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/016t1kc57","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kayoko Iwata","raw_affiliation_strings":["KAO Corp. (Japan)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KAO Corp. (Japan)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207623266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7897","issue":null,"first_page":"78971M","last_page":"78971M"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.5449000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.5449000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.07609999924898148,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.07569999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melanin","display_name":"melanin","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin","display_name":"hemoglobin","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-component-analysis","display_name":"independent component analysis","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-pyramid","display_name":"image pyramid","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-frequency-analysis","display_name":"spatial frequency analysis","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-aging","display_name":"skin aging","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192468462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q533543","display_name":"Chromophore","level":2,"score":0.7430630922317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5954656600952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5823745727539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5517850518226624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107538193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187526","display_name":"Melanin","level":2,"score":0.5060564875602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48750039935112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46938273310661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4468551278114319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.4392828941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.4212941825389862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3729622960090637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36867958307266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33180636167526245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2900530695915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2865196466445923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17595431208610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07850226759910583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.873494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873494","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019502123","https://openalex.org/W2025283638","https://openalex.org/W2075257668","https://openalex.org/W2078790577","https://openalex.org/W2085258673","https://openalex.org/W2096789154","https://openalex.org/W2115665159","https://openalex.org/W2245938076","https://openalex.org/W2480835609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241006927","https://openalex.org/W2480835609","https://openalex.org/W1978918470","https://openalex.org/W2030720559","https://openalex.org/W7096737052","https://openalex.org/W2515509277","https://openalex.org/W2075257668","https://openalex.org/W2985189340","https://openalex.org/W1978034466","https://openalex.org/W2919174151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Uneven":[0],"distribution":[1],"of":[2,7,47,49,55,58,63,89,127,134,149,162,176,217,234,240],"skin":[3,13,20,27,50,105,178,184,235],"color":[4,21,28,51,106],"is":[5,86],"one":[6],"the":[8,64,135,147,150,166,168,199,215,227,238,241],"biggest":[9],"concerns":[10],"about":[11],"facial":[12],"appearance.":[14],"Recently":[15],"several":[16],"techniques":[17],"to":[18,96,142,159,173,231],"analyze":[19,174],"have":[22],"been":[23],"introduced":[24],"by":[25,52],"separating":[26],"information":[29],"into":[30,116],"chromophore":[31,78,115],"components,":[32],"such":[33,191],"as":[34,192],"melanin":[35,100,163],"and":[36,61,73,80,99,132],"hemoglobin.":[37],"However,":[38],"there":[39],"are":[40],"not":[41],"many":[42],"reports":[43],"on":[44,77,183],"quantitative":[45],"analysis":[46,72,79,94,133],"unevenness":[48,144,161,175,182,200,233],"considering":[53],"type":[54],"chromophore,":[56],"clusters":[57,128],"different":[59,125],"sizes":[60,126],"concentration":[62],"each":[65,114,139,177,204],"chromophore.":[66],"We":[67],"propose":[68],"a":[69,103],"new":[70],"image":[71,109,141,156,206,223],"simulation":[74],"method":[75,85,169],"based":[76],"spatial":[81,130,219],"frequency":[82],"analysis.":[83],"This":[84],"mainly":[87],"composed":[88],"three":[90],"techniques:":[91],"independent":[92],"component":[93],"(ICA)":[95],"extract":[97,143],"hemoglobin":[98],"chromophores":[101],"from":[102,138,188,203],"single":[104],"image,":[107],"an":[108,155],"pyramid":[110],"technique":[111,158],"which":[112,119],"decomposes":[113],"multi-resolution":[117,140,205],"images,":[118],"can":[120],"be":[121,186],"used":[122],"for":[123,207],"identifying":[124],"or":[129,194],"frequencies,":[131],"histogram":[136],"obtained":[137,202,242],"parameters.":[145],"As":[146,165],"application":[148],"method,":[151],"we":[152],"also":[153],"introduce":[154],"processing":[157,224],"change":[160,232,244],"component.":[164],"result,":[167],"showed":[170],"high":[171],"capabilities":[172],"chromophore:":[179],"1)":[180],"Vague":[181],"could":[185],"discriminated":[187],"noticeable":[189],"pigmentation":[190],"freckles":[193],"acne.":[195],"2)":[196],"By":[197],"analyzing":[198],"parameters":[201,216,228],"Japanese":[208],"ladies,":[209],"agerelated":[210],"changes":[211],"were":[212],"observed":[213],"in":[214,245],"middle":[218],"frequency.":[220],"3)":[221],"An":[222],"system":[225],"modulating":[226],"was":[229],"proposed":[230],"images":[236],"along":[237],"axis":[239],"age-related":[243],"real":[246],"time.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}