{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972944569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","title":"Correlation, partial correlation, and causation","display_name":"Correlation, partial correlation, and causation","publication_year":1986,"publication_date":"1986-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972944569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","mag":"1972944569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00540066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S255146","display_name":"Synthese","issn_l":"0039-7857","issn":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthese","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053946254","display_name":"Frederick S. Ellett","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederick S. Ellett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of California, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Graduate School of Education , University of California \u2013 Los Angeles , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of California, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education , University of California \u2013 Los Angeles , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081127453","display_name":"David P. Ericson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David P. Ericson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Education, University of California, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Graduate School of Education , University of California \u2013 Los Angeles , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education, University of California, 90024, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Education , University of California \u2013 Los Angeles , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94696084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"2","first_page":"157","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.5824999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.396699994802475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"causality","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"correlation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-correlation","display_name":"partial correlation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"causal inference","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-variables","display_name":"binary variables","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screening-off","display_name":"screening off","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partitioning","display_name":"partitioning","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-influence","display_name":"causal influence","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-analysis","display_name":"path analysis","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"structural equation modeling","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/background-assumptions","display_name":"background assumptions","score":0.7680000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.8627110719680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.7032498121261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64708745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998010","display_name":"Partial correlation","level":3,"score":0.6638160347938538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.651228129863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123556308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484761","display_name":"Philosophy of language","level":3,"score":0.5776175260543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.5637391805648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5481848120689392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5336262583732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110099512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59115","display_name":"Philosophy of science","level":2,"score":0.4926195740699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4795215427875519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4714694321155548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.440935879945755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182744844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35277","display_name":"Metaphysics","level":2,"score":0.43421903252601624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82793941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046024","display_name":"Path analysis (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.42542269825935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.4238567054271698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37161266803741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.33039674162864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.24788501858711243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1560966968536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14292210340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06154078245162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00540066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S255146","display_name":"Synthese","issn_l":"0039-7857","issn":["0039-7857","1573-0964"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Synthese","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522479312","https://openalex.org/W1963745475","https://openalex.org/W2004168348","https://openalex.org/W2009053318","https://openalex.org/W2031312283","https://openalex.org/W2058380691","https://openalex.org/W2064585333","https://openalex.org/W2076332451","https://openalex.org/W2084829134","https://openalex.org/W2094419105","https://openalex.org/W2123393305","https://openalex.org/W2168659786","https://openalex.org/W2315889150","https://openalex.org/W2328988652","https://openalex.org/W2978908610","https://openalex.org/W4248835286","https://openalex.org/W4250296836","https://openalex.org/W4297950470"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009053318","https://openalex.org/W1963704820","https://openalex.org/W231671629","https://openalex.org/W1973758045","https://openalex.org/W2492099309","https://openalex.org/W3010654624","https://openalex.org/W2793440389","https://openalex.org/W2071305561","https://openalex.org/W2131210233","https://openalex.org/W2593247023"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}