{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972514732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","title":"\u03b3\u2010Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Brain Microvessels Exhibits Regional Heterogeneity","display_name":"\u03b3\u2010Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Brain Microvessels Exhibits Regional Heterogeneity","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972514732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","mag":"1972514732","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1346628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135837084","display_name":"Journal of Neurochemistry","issn_l":"0022-3042","issn":["0022-3042","1471-4159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurochemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062013948","display_name":"Johannes Ernst Alexander Wolff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-1309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-1309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes E. A. Wolff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland","Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022009759","display_name":"Luisa Belloni\u2010Olivi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luisa Belloni\u2010Olivi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056746393","display_name":"Joseph Paul Bressler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2399-8331","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2399-8331","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-2752"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph P. Bressler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110418021","display_name":"Gary W. Goldstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary W. Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Kennedy Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056746393"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"],"apc_list":{"value":5330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93787818,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"3","first_page":"909","last_page":"915"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11406","display_name":"Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10570","display_name":"Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-glutamyl-transferase","display_name":"gamma-glutamyl transferase","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebral-microvasculature","display_name":"cerebral microvasculature","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-heterogeneity","display_name":"regional heterogeneity","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perivascular-astrocytes","display_name":"perivascular astrocytes","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkaline-phosphatase","display_name":"alkaline phosphatase","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postnatal-brain-development","display_name":"postnatal brain development","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neocortex","display_name":"neocortex","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/striatum","display_name":"striatum","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hippocampus","display_name":"hippocampus","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-commissure","display_name":"anterior commissure","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-nerve","display_name":"optic nerve","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anterior-olfactory-nucleus","display_name":"anterior olfactory nucleus","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subiculum","display_name":"subiculum","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pineal-gland","display_name":"pineal gland","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/median-eminence","display_name":"median eminence","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microvascular-function","display_name":"microvascular function","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777222312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726562","display_name":"Neocortex","level":2,"score":0.7776780128479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632335","display_name":"Microvessel","level":3,"score":0.765288233757019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.615131676197052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221694","display_name":"Blood\u2013brain barrier","level":3,"score":0.5882371664047241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780062018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1319792","display_name":"Striatum","level":3,"score":0.5880041122436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196822366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270524","display_name":"Parenchyma","level":2,"score":0.4647146463394165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.4472443163394928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.43891388177871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.4288758933544159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.37029212713241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.3286382257938385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.22751492261886597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.15933653712272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513476851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304","display_name":"Dopamine","level":2,"score":0.14585435390472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10433381795883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000469","descriptor_name":"Alkaline Phosphatase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000098","qualifier_name":"blood supply","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002560","descriptor_name":"Cerebrovascular Circulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005723","descriptor_name":"gamma-Glutamyltransferase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006651","descriptor_name":"Histocytochemistry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008833","descriptor_name":"Microcirculation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014018","descriptor_name":"Tissue Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051381","descriptor_name":"Rats","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09343.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S135837084","display_name":"Journal of Neurochemistry","issn_l":"0022-3042","issn":["0022-3042","1471-4159"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Neurochemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1346628","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1346628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of neurochemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2233348566","display_name":"RETINAL MICROVESSELS BASIS FOR INJURY IN DIABETES","funder_award_id":"R01EY003772","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G419449673","display_name":"METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF BRAIN CAPILLARIES","funder_award_id":"R01ES002380","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337361","display_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/00j4k1h63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505588706","https://openalex.org/W1507082667","https://openalex.org/W1934005039","https://openalex.org/W1939198520","https://openalex.org/W1972572555","https://openalex.org/W1974045578","https://openalex.org/W1977940746","https://openalex.org/W1979632795","https://openalex.org/W1985270173","https://openalex.org/W1989438185","https://openalex.org/W2000196557","https://openalex.org/W2002374936","https://openalex.org/W2003316926","https://openalex.org/W2004170464","https://openalex.org/W2005447528","https://openalex.org/W2019381912","https://openalex.org/W2021007204","https://openalex.org/W2041392244","https://openalex.org/W2043804739","https://openalex.org/W2045304765","https://openalex.org/W2049958255","https://openalex.org/W2054923512","https://openalex.org/W2055137108","https://openalex.org/W2056402816","https://openalex.org/W2062206584","https://openalex.org/W2072891772","https://openalex.org/W2075004701","https://openalex.org/W2077974338","https://openalex.org/W2088822897","https://openalex.org/W2088938061","https://openalex.org/W2097933680","https://openalex.org/W2128161243","https://openalex.org/W2152353759","https://openalex.org/W2154771454","https://openalex.org/W2171964773","https://openalex.org/W2398631612","https://openalex.org/W2415906399","https://openalex.org/W4241950997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068530367","https://openalex.org/W2086671486","https://openalex.org/W2074452720","https://openalex.org/W71964394","https://openalex.org/W2241102039","https://openalex.org/W2412285004","https://openalex.org/W1965786289","https://openalex.org/W407493200","https://openalex.org/W4294527490","https://openalex.org/W2027901981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain":[0],"microvessels":[1,180],"form":[2],"a":[3,98],"tight":[4],"blood-tissue":[5],"permeability":[6],"barrier":[7,65,74],"and":[8,114,146,149,156,169,187],"express":[9],"high":[10],"levels":[11],"of":[12,38,46,79,101,141,153,162,178],"specific":[13],"enzymes,":[14],"including":[15],"gamma-glutamyl":[16],"transpeptidase":[17],"(GGTP).":[18],"This":[19],"differentiation":[20],"is":[21,66,75],"thought":[22],"to":[23,89],"be":[24,182],"induced":[25],"by":[26,136,184],"perivascular":[27],"astrocytes.":[28],"By":[29],"using":[30],"histochemical":[31,132],"methods,":[32],"we":[33],"found":[34,53],"that":[35],"the":[36,55,59,63,72,77,86,92,159,165],"percentage":[37,78,100],"GGTP-positive":[39,80,102],"vessels":[40,81,103],"varied":[41,82],"considerably":[42],"in":[43,54,85,91,139,150,191],"different":[44,142],"areas":[45,70],"rat":[47,145,163],"brain.":[48],"Enzyme":[49],"activity":[50],"was":[51],"not":[52,67,124],"pineal":[56],"gland":[57],"or":[58],"median":[60],"eminence,":[61],"where":[62,71],"blood-brain":[64,73],"expressed.":[68],"In":[69],"expressed,":[76],"from":[83,144],"8%":[84],"optic":[87],"nerve":[88],"100%":[90],"anterior":[93,106],"commissure.":[94],"The":[95,130,175],"neocortex":[96,168],"showed":[97],"lower":[99],"(2-15%)":[104],"than":[105],"olfactory":[107],"nucleus":[108],"(42%),":[109],"subiculum":[110],"(70%),":[111],"hippocampus":[112],"(48%),":[113],"striatum":[115,170],"(50-58%).":[116],"Alkaline":[117],"phosphatase,":[118],"another":[119],"brain":[120,148,179],"microvessel-enriched":[121],"enzyme,":[122],"did":[123],"show":[125],"these":[126],"marked":[127],"regional":[128,176,189],"differences.":[129],"morphometric":[131],"results":[133],"were":[134],"verified":[135],"enzymatic":[137],"assays":[138],"homogenates":[140],"regions":[143],"bovine":[147,154],"microvessel":[151],"preparations":[152],"putamen":[155],"neocortex.":[157],"During":[158],"postnatal":[160],"development":[161],"brain,":[164],"difference":[166],"between":[167],"appeared":[171],"after":[172],"day":[173],"20.":[174],"heterogeneity":[177,186,190],"may":[181],"caused":[183],"astrocytic":[185],"reflect":[188],"microvascular":[192],"function.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}