{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972503525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","title":"City-Suburb Differences in African American Male Labor Market Achievement","display_name":"City-Suburb Differences in African American Male Labor Market Achievement","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972503525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","mag":"1972503525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67739838","display_name":"The Professional Geographer","issn_l":"0033-0124","issn":["0033-0124","1467-9272"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Professional Geographer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1972503525"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037326610","display_name":"Thomas J. Cooke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5621-1323","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5621-1323"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Cooke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, 85 Lawler Road, West Hartford, CT, 06117","University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, 85 Lawler Road, West Hartford, CT, 06117","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037326610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.63,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98441466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"4","first_page":"458","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Agglomeration and Urban Systems","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-mismatch-hypothesis","display_name":"spatial mismatch hypothesis","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-men","display_name":"African American men","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suburban-employment","display_name":"suburban employment","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-self-selection","display_name":"residential self-selection","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-efficiency","display_name":"transport efficiency","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities-in-employment","display_name":"racial inequality in employment","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.9172873497009277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778987988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2708101","display_name":"Memphis","level":2,"score":0.8521504402160645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6501271724700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66809384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574072","display_name":"Spatial mismatch","level":2,"score":0.5543281435966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994323341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q87311542","display_name":"Central city","level":2,"score":0.5069020390510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4684617221355438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4368676543235779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993877802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1739536","display_name":"Inner city","level":2,"score":0.4175128936767578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.37909236550331116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3504263758659363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.3127737045288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1776830554008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14448627829551697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0860598087310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1996.00458.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67739838","display_name":"The Professional Geographer","issn_l":"0033-0124","issn":["0033-0124","1467-9272"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319847","host_organization_name":"Routledge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319847","https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Routledge","Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Professional Geographer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7372999787330627,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6452000141143799,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1854260920","https://openalex.org/W1873283380","https://openalex.org/W1971928340","https://openalex.org/W1974680810","https://openalex.org/W1978952616","https://openalex.org/W1994413315","https://openalex.org/W1997762806","https://openalex.org/W1998546795","https://openalex.org/W2000691698","https://openalex.org/W2000703312","https://openalex.org/W2004877893","https://openalex.org/W2008192202","https://openalex.org/W2012529878","https://openalex.org/W2016450659","https://openalex.org/W2037393280","https://openalex.org/W2053879509","https://openalex.org/W2055090114","https://openalex.org/W2057030763","https://openalex.org/W2092310970","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2118100115","https://openalex.org/W2139122730","https://openalex.org/W2154598110","https://openalex.org/W2168591711","https://openalex.org/W2487158258","https://openalex.org/W4247140771"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283739397","https://openalex.org/W4230914443","https://openalex.org/W2118100115","https://openalex.org/W4240254674","https://openalex.org/W3184760119","https://openalex.org/W2740319600","https://openalex.org/W1973278008","https://openalex.org/W7095447855","https://openalex.org/W1974680810","https://openalex.org/W4308122991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"research":[1],"tests":[2],"the":[3,9,32,42,58,74,91,98],"spatial":[4,92,113],"mismatch":[5,93,114],"hypothesis":[6],"by":[7],"comparing":[8],"employment":[10,54],"probabilities":[11],"of":[12,34,44,49,60,76,101,120],"central":[13],"city":[14],"versus":[15],"suburban":[16,50],"African":[17],"American":[18],"males":[19],"in":[20,118],"nine":[21],"metropolitan":[22,103,109],"areas.":[23],"Treatment":[24],"effects":[25,33],"models":[26],"are":[27,116],"used":[28],"to":[29,86],"control":[30],"for":[31,57,73],"both":[35],"individual":[36],"characteristics":[37,100],"and":[38,66,81,123,127],"residential":[39,51],"self-selection":[40],"on":[41,53,97],"probability":[43],"employment.":[45],"A":[46],"positive":[47],"effect":[48,70,94,115],"location":[52],"is":[55,71,89,95],"found":[56,72],"residents":[59,75],"Dallas,":[61],"Los":[62],"Angeles,":[63],"New":[64],"York,":[65],"Washington,":[67],"while":[68],"no":[69],"Cleveland,":[77],"Houston.":[78],"Jackson,":[79],"Memphis,":[80],"Newark.":[82],"The":[83],"general":[84],"conclusion":[85],"be":[87],"drawn":[88],"that":[90,108],"contingent":[96],"particular":[99],"each":[102],"area.":[104],"Preliminary":[105],"analysis":[106],"shows":[107],"areas":[110],"with":[111],"a":[112],"large":[117],"terms":[119],"total":[121,124],"population":[122],"land":[125],"area,":[126],"have":[128],"less":[129],"efficient":[130],"transportation":[131],"systems.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}