{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972280869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","title":"Don't Apologize Unless You Mean It: A Laboratory Investigation of Forgiveness and Retaliation","display_name":"Don't Apologize Unless You Mean It: A Laboratory Investigation of Forgiveness and Retaliation","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972280869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","mag":"1972280869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164302473","display_name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0736-7236","issn":["0736-7236","1943-2771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315796","host_organization_name":"Guilford Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315796"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Guilford Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009070152","display_name":"Jeanne S. Zechmeister","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanne S. Zechmeister","raw_affiliation_strings":["1. Loyola University of Chicago","Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1. Loyola University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sofia Garcia","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["2. Loyola University of Chicago","Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2. Loyola University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067704956","display_name":"Catherine Romero","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["3. Loyola University of Chicago","Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3. Loyola University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005131088","display_name":"Shona N. Vas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-6085","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6700-6085"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1925986","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shona N. Vas","raw_affiliation_strings":["4. Loyola University of Chicago","Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"4. Loyola University of Chicago","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola University, Chicago, IL, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1925986"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5036,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":190,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95993442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"532","last_page":"564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12551","display_name":"Forgiveness and Related Behaviors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12551","display_name":"Forgiveness and Related Behaviors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12313","display_name":"Emotions and Moral Behavior","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgiveness","display_name":"forgiveness","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retaliation","display_name":"retaliation","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apology","display_name":"apology","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"arousal","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/making-amends","display_name":"making amends","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blame","display_name":"blame","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenge","display_name":"revenge","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-conflict","display_name":"interpersonal conflict","score":0.34700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778731027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537963","display_name":"Forgiveness","level":2,"score":0.9798331260681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.9170591831207275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621695","display_name":"Blame","level":2,"score":0.807686448097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.740353524684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.6143088340759277}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.4.532.40309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164302473","display_name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","issn_l":"0736-7236","issn":["0736-7236","1943-2771"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315796","host_organization_name":"Guilford Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315796"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Guilford Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129168628","https://openalex.org/W597162224","https://openalex.org/W638131199","https://openalex.org/W763550962","https://openalex.org/W1713735797","https://openalex.org/W1813376734","https://openalex.org/W1969390138","https://openalex.org/W1970492853","https://openalex.org/W1970574116","https://openalex.org/W1971440513","https://openalex.org/W1972184315","https://openalex.org/W1973222194","https://openalex.org/W1979644653","https://openalex.org/W1989351453","https://openalex.org/W1989940914","https://openalex.org/W1995425114","https://openalex.org/W1995848094","https://openalex.org/W1997164136","https://openalex.org/W1997802525","https://openalex.org/W2000898334","https://openalex.org/W2005161806","https://openalex.org/W2012110303","https://openalex.org/W2014852361","https://openalex.org/W2022527501","https://openalex.org/W2023995848","https://openalex.org/W2024509488","https://openalex.org/W2025910797","https://openalex.org/W2027814249","https://openalex.org/W2029402421","https://openalex.org/W2032180118","https://openalex.org/W2037124948","https://openalex.org/W2038323615","https://openalex.org/W2039708283","https://openalex.org/W2044773838","https://openalex.org/W2048274277","https://openalex.org/W2053699864","https://openalex.org/W2058144291","https://openalex.org/W2058803166","https://openalex.org/W2070244111","https://openalex.org/W2074104814","https://openalex.org/W2076676874","https://openalex.org/W2076832092","https://openalex.org/W2081557788","https://openalex.org/W2082758365","https://openalex.org/W2082917664","https://openalex.org/W2092059521","https://openalex.org/W2097088994","https://openalex.org/W2103410884","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2112012119","https://openalex.org/W2119174164","https://openalex.org/W2125118816","https://openalex.org/W2125767733","https://openalex.org/W2129800229","https://openalex.org/W2135292530","https://openalex.org/W2143056478","https://openalex.org/W2149197673","https://openalex.org/W2158775983","https://openalex.org/W2169493510","https://openalex.org/W2170123630","https://openalex.org/W2171232954","https://openalex.org/W2171784081","https://openalex.org/W2187018584","https://openalex.org/W2480024098","https://openalex.org/W2500281702","https://openalex.org/W2949215875","https://openalex.org/W2952447622","https://openalex.org/W2972927698","https://openalex.org/W2981495308","https://openalex.org/W2983175908","https://openalex.org/W3023063932","https://openalex.org/W4214657446","https://openalex.org/W4235187224","https://openalex.org/W4236079396","https://openalex.org/W4236457916","https://openalex.org/W4239613158","https://openalex.org/W4253600167","https://openalex.org/W4296289882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018359729","https://openalex.org/W7070703983","https://openalex.org/W2338398720","https://openalex.org/W2129694984","https://openalex.org/W2035243276","https://openalex.org/W3011719026","https://openalex.org/W25126970","https://openalex.org/W2901329007","https://openalex.org/W2112997756","https://openalex.org/W4231425885"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"experimentally":[1],"investigated":[2],"the":[3,34,41,54,81,97,111,118],"effects":[4],"of":[5,26,43,128,132],"arousal,":[6,91],"offense":[7,17,55,92],"removal":[8],"(\u201cmaking":[9],"amends\u201d),":[10],"and":[11,23,28,56,72,87,94,140],"apology":[12,71],"following":[13,105],"a":[14,129],"scripted":[15],"laboratory":[16],"involving":[18],"undeserved":[19],"failure":[20],"feedback.":[21],"Self-report":[22],"behavioral":[24],"measures":[25],"forgiveness":[27,101,133],"retaliation":[29,73],"were":[30,58],"influenced":[31,38],"differentially":[32],"by":[33,40,76],"manipulations.":[35],"Retaliation":[36],"was":[37,74,84,102],"only":[39],"presence":[42],"an":[44,106],"apology.":[45,95],"Consistent":[46],"with":[47],"some":[48],"previous":[49],"findings,":[50],"experimenters":[51],"who":[52],"committed":[53],"apologized":[57],"evaluated":[59],"more":[60,85],"negatively":[61],"than":[62],"when":[63,120],"they":[64],"did":[65,113],"not":[66,114],"apologize.":[67],"The":[68],"relationship":[69],"between":[70],"mediated":[75],"participants'":[77],"blame":[78],"directed":[79],"at":[80],"experimenter.":[82],"Forgiveness":[83],"complex,":[86],"varied":[88],"depending":[89],"on":[90],"removal,":[93],"In":[96],"high":[98],"arousal":[99],"condition,":[100],"least":[103],"likely":[104],"\u201cinsincere":[107],"apology\u201d":[108],"in":[109,126,134],"which":[110,135],"offender":[112],"make":[115],"amends":[116],"for":[117],"wrong":[119],"apologizing.":[121],"These":[122],"results":[123],"are":[124],"interpreted":[125],"terms":[127],"two-stage":[130],"model":[131],"different":[136],"variables":[137],"influence":[138],"revenge":[139],"forgiveness.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}