{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972041602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","title":"The Superintendent and Educational Reform in the United States of America","display_name":"The Superintendent and Educational Reform in the United States of America","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972041602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","mag":"1972041602"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38050710","display_name":"Leadership and Policy in Schools","issn_l":"1570-0763","issn":["1570-0763","1744-5043","6547-8452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership and Policy in Schools","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070204146","display_name":"Lars G. Bj\u00f6rk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars G. Bj\u00f6rk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070773783","display_name":"Tricia Browne\u2010Ferrigno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tricia Browne-Ferrigno","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084133903","display_name":"Theodore J. Kowalski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodore J. Kowalski","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070773783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9668,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9790889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"444","last_page":"465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13884","display_name":"Educational Leadership and Practices","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10008","display_name":"Teacher Education and Leadership Studies","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-superintendents","display_name":"school superintendents","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superintendent-role","display_name":"superintendent role","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-district-leadership","display_name":"school district leadership","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-change","display_name":"systemic change","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-implementation","display_name":"policy implementation","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy-debate","display_name":"education policy debate","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.549868643283844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.5338683128356934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3385777473449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3268551230430603}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2014.945656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S38050710","display_name":"Leadership and Policy in Schools","issn_l":"1570-0763","issn":["1570-0763","1744-5043","6547-8452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leadership and Policy in Schools","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28745231","https://openalex.org/W50938319","https://openalex.org/W98609267","https://openalex.org/W190218849","https://openalex.org/W198319213","https://openalex.org/W232742202","https://openalex.org/W244877279","https://openalex.org/W252707740","https://openalex.org/W252957060","https://openalex.org/W281821930","https://openalex.org/W309934204","https://openalex.org/W590522509","https://openalex.org/W600393958","https://openalex.org/W617096567","https://openalex.org/W618453808","https://openalex.org/W900341089","https://openalex.org/W1484484240","https://openalex.org/W1502743497","https://openalex.org/W1506460706","https://openalex.org/W1508012787","https://openalex.org/W1513019772","https://openalex.org/W1520288266","https://openalex.org/W1527139820","https://openalex.org/W1530721512","https://openalex.org/W1540134469","https://openalex.org/W1546989173","https://openalex.org/W1565637995","https://openalex.org/W1569381765","https://openalex.org/W1572152293","https://openalex.org/W1603298640","https://openalex.org/W1663374942","https://openalex.org/W1792595847","https://openalex.org/W1823700729","https://openalex.org/W1967991528","https://openalex.org/W1969305551","https://openalex.org/W1971544199","https://openalex.org/W1974708162","https://openalex.org/W1975638164","https://openalex.org/W1978848519","https://openalex.org/W1982873182","https://openalex.org/W1983697078","https://openalex.org/W1999167202","https://openalex.org/W2006649795","https://openalex.org/W2009885717","https://openalex.org/W2021567194","https://openalex.org/W2021646050","https://openalex.org/W2023926806","https://openalex.org/W2027379674","https://openalex.org/W2032325774","https://openalex.org/W2040315858","https://openalex.org/W2045074049","https://openalex.org/W2046387409","https://openalex.org/W2069478129","https://openalex.org/W2069816067","https://openalex.org/W2091970604","https://openalex.org/W2140580809","https://openalex.org/W2155195984","https://openalex.org/W2162126704","https://openalex.org/W2222990258","https://openalex.org/W2317696166","https://openalex.org/W2321960815","https://openalex.org/W2518409338","https://openalex.org/W2796967769","https://openalex.org/W3106898750","https://openalex.org/W4206176329","https://openalex.org/W4242781554","https://openalex.org/W4246200940","https://openalex.org/W4256020593","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298861665","https://openalex.org/W4301149770","https://openalex.org/W4302404529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2904938360","https://openalex.org/W4249410470","https://openalex.org/W2970169844","https://openalex.org/W4404436247","https://openalex.org/W1984680656","https://openalex.org/W2613212226","https://openalex.org/W2799538136","https://openalex.org/W1502743497","https://openalex.org/W4404435873","https://openalex.org/W2327883956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"During":[0],"the":[1,5,13,41,81,84],"last":[2],"two":[3],"decades":[4],"intensity":[6],"and":[7,24,47,55,66,91],"complexity":[8],"of":[9,16,77,83],"educational":[10],"reform":[11],"in":[12,26,40,80,87],"United":[14],"States":[15],"America":[17],"have":[18],"heightened":[19],"interest":[20],"among":[21],"policymakers,":[22],"practitioners,":[23],"professors":[25],"large-scale,":[27],"systemic":[28],"change.":[29],"As":[30],"a":[31],"consequence,":[32],"superintendents":[33],"are":[34],"being":[35],"viewed":[36],"as":[37,68],"pivotal":[38],"actors":[39],"complex":[42],"algorithm":[43],"for":[44,59],"managing":[45],"districts":[46],"leading":[48],"policy":[49],"implementation":[50],"efforts.":[51],"The":[52],"challenges\u2014both":[53],"perceived":[54],"real\u2014have":[56],"provided":[57],"grist":[58],"national":[60],"debates":[61],"on":[62],"superintendent":[63],"roles,":[64],"expectations,":[65],"effectiveness":[67],"school":[69,96],"system":[70],"leaders.":[71],"This":[72],"article":[73],"presents":[74],"an":[75],"analysis":[76],"discursive":[78],"stages":[79],"evolution":[82],"American":[85],"superintendency":[86],"response":[88],"to":[89],"external":[90],"internal":[92],"change":[93],"forces":[94],"within":[95],"systems.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}