{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972026760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","title":"\u201cThey Had a Chance to Talk to One Another...\u201d: The Role of Incidence in Native American Code Talking","display_name":"\u201cThey Had a Chance to Talk to One Another...\u201d: The Role of Incidence in Native American Code Talking","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972026760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","mag":"1972026760"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1215/00141801-2008-058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49405560","display_name":"Ethnohistory","issn_l":"0014-1801","issn":["0014-1801","1527-5477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnohistory","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056059515","display_name":"William C. Meadows","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0801-2655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0801-2655"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William C. Meadows","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056059515"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19887509,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"269","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14190","display_name":"Military history and social perspectives","score":0.03370000049471855,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14289","display_name":"Anthropology: Ethics, History, Culture","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-ii","display_name":"World War II","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-communications","display_name":"military communications","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/navajo","display_name":"Navajo","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comanche","display_name":"Comanche","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meskwaki","display_name":"Meskwaki","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hopi","display_name":"Hopi","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tribal-languages","display_name":"tribal languages","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/native-american-soldiers","display_name":"Native American soldiers","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-s-armed-forces","display_name":"U.S. Armed Forces","score":0.6650000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781222102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13310","display_name":"Navajo","level":2,"score":0.9765400886535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778498358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56421","display_name":"Hopi","level":2,"score":0.8992246389389038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992135444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232928","display_name":"Native american","level":2,"score":0.8807287216186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.617246150970459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5985667705535889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171041071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36870","display_name":"First language","level":2,"score":0.5322287678718567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4066306948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3874184787273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.24951454997062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.21961885690689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0826466977596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.08000364899635315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1215/00141801-2008-058","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49405560","display_name":"Ethnohistory","issn_l":"0014-1801","issn":["0014-1801","1527-5477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315698","host_organization_name":"Duke University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315698","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University Press","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ethnohistory","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bearworks.missouristate.edu:articles-chpa-1698","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/articles-chpa/699","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196450","display_name":"BearWorks (Missouri State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119942284","host_organization_name":"Missouri State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119942284"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Humanities and Public Affairs","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:ddeh:56/2/269","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ethnohistory.dukejournals.org/cgi/content/short/56/2/269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567557623","https://openalex.org/W1967562340","https://openalex.org/W2001499800","https://openalex.org/W2044236557","https://openalex.org/W2901744785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W336249638","https://openalex.org/W366277617","https://openalex.org/W7009838059","https://openalex.org/W567557623","https://openalex.org/W6966486415","https://openalex.org/W7203700490","https://openalex.org/W1980172817","https://openalex.org/W586082619","https://openalex.org/W7010341666","https://openalex.org/W216007031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"formally":[1,141],"recruited":[2],"groups":[3],"of":[4,35,56,105,108,122,135],"Native":[5,36,57,109],"American":[6,58,110],"code":[7,111],"talkers":[8],"used":[9],"in":[10,38,43,52,90,94],"World":[11],"War":[12],"II,":[13],"such":[14,123],"as":[15],"the":[16,21,32,54,61,83,103,114,117,120],"Navajo,":[17],"Comanche,":[18],"and":[19,23,86,113,131],"later":[20],"Meskwaki":[22],"Hopi,":[24],"are":[25],"well":[26],"known,":[27],"this":[28],"article":[29],"focuses":[30],"on":[31],"incidental":[33],"use":[34,89],"Americans":[37],"U.S.":[39],"Armed":[40],"Forces":[41],"communications":[42,93],"both":[44],"world":[45],"wars.":[46],"This":[47],"essay":[48,115],"documents":[49],"several":[50],"instances":[51],"which":[53],"presence":[55],"soldiers":[59],"within":[60],"same":[62],"or":[63,81],"nearby":[64],"units":[65],"who":[66],"spoke":[67],"a":[68],"common":[69],"native":[70],"language":[71],"was":[72],"discovered":[73],"by":[74,77,82],"accident,":[75],"either":[76],"their":[78,87,95],"commanding":[79],"officers":[80],"members":[84],"themselves,":[85],"subsequent":[88],"sending":[91],"military":[92],"respective":[96],"tribal":[97],"languages.":[98],"These":[99],"data":[100],"add":[101],"to":[102],"breadth":[104],"our":[106],"knowledge":[107],"talking":[112],"explores":[116],"context":[118],"for":[119],"development":[121],"opportunities,":[124],"which,":[125],"although":[126],"they":[127],"involved":[128,137],"fewer":[129],"men":[130],"perhaps":[132],"less":[133],"frequency":[134],"use,":[136],"more":[138],"tribes":[139],"than":[140],"developed":[142],"code-talking":[143],"programs.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
