{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971508786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","title":"Inequality, residential segregation by income, and mortality in US cities","display_name":"Inequality, residential segregation by income, and mortality in US cities","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971508786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","mag":"1971508786","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11854338","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1732095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.56.3.183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/56/3/183.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/56/3/183.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012759386","display_name":"P\u00e9ter Lobmayer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101202996","display_name":"Semmelweis University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9ty582","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101202996"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P Lobmayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Public Health, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101202996"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114252719","display_name":"Richard G. Wilkinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-7023","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7729-7023"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R G Wilkinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Public Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School and International Centre for Health and Society, University College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Public Health Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School and International Centre for Health and Society, University College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114252719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5864,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96451226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"3","first_page":"183","last_page":"187"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residential-segregation","display_name":"residential segregation","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-segregation","display_name":"socioeconomic segregation","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediation","display_name":"mediation","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-health","display_name":"urban health","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-areas","display_name":"metropolitan areas","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census-tracts","display_name":"census tracts","score":0.7419999837875366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.7596125602722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7099379301071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.698104977607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161677786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2478475","display_name":"Neighbourhood (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6441122889518738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.524651288986206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.48181620240211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4645279347896576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4560636281967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.43679049611091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4250807762145996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.413869708776474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3749066889286041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35093259811401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2500472962856293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1753443479537964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003430","descriptor_name":"Cross-Sectional Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006798","descriptor_name":"Housing","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007182","descriptor_name":"Income","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009026","descriptor_name":"Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011204","descriptor_name":"Poverty Areas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012111","descriptor_name":"Residence Characteristics","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014504","descriptor_name":"Urban Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.56.3.183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/56/3/183.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:856973","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1732095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1732095","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1732095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Epidemiol Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:11854338","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11854338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of epidemiology and community health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/23349752","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Inequality_residential_segregation_by_income_and_mortality_in_US_cities/23349752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/jech.56.3.183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.3.183","pdf_url":"https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/56/3/183.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156988948","display_name":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health","issn_l":"0141-7681","issn":["0141-7681","0142-467X","0143-005X","1470-2738"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.9629999995231628,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320286","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320324","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1971508786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1971508786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50634008","https://openalex.org/W1570633267","https://openalex.org/W1770411387","https://openalex.org/W1985808146","https://openalex.org/W1998506228","https://openalex.org/W2017257645","https://openalex.org/W2044933385","https://openalex.org/W2054134934","https://openalex.org/W2095243958","https://openalex.org/W2107999364","https://openalex.org/W2109408855","https://openalex.org/W2120786734","https://openalex.org/W2124138908","https://openalex.org/W2149003818","https://openalex.org/W2319360213","https://openalex.org/W2593189166","https://openalex.org/W3024594196","https://openalex.org/W4388367052","https://openalex.org/W6634150171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6275081","https://openalex.org/W1997658996","https://openalex.org/W1998506228","https://openalex.org/W2146006478","https://openalex.org/W2606771386","https://openalex.org/W7100873795","https://openalex.org/W4406387532","https://openalex.org/W2149003818","https://openalex.org/W1969911483","https://openalex.org/W2355763203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"STUDY":[0],"OBJECTIVE:":[1],"This":[2],"study":[3],"was":[4,22,46,124],"designed":[5],"to":[6,51,81,126],"discover":[7],"whether":[8],"the":[9,19,25,42,49,61,72,82,90,112,130,142,153],"relation":[10],"between":[11,30,77,87,114,135,144],"income":[12,58,75,86,115,145],"inequality":[13,76,83,116,146],"and":[14,32,89,117,147],"population":[15],"death":[16],"rates":[17],"within":[18,79,101],"United":[20],"States":[21],"mediated":[23,151],"by":[24,152],"degree":[26,131],"of":[27,57,74,129,132,141,155],"residential":[28,44,157],"segregation":[29,45,68,100,134],"rich":[31],"poor.":[33],"DESIGN:":[34],"Using":[35],"data":[36],"for":[37],"276":[38],"metropolitan":[39,121],"areas":[40,103,123],"in":[41,60,84,119],"USA,":[43],"defined":[47],"as":[48],"extent":[50],"which":[52],"people":[53],"with":[54,106],"different":[55,64],"levels":[56],"live":[59],"same":[62],"or":[63],"census":[65],"tracts.":[66],"Two":[67],"measures":[69],"were":[70],"used:":[71],"ratio":[73],"household":[78],"tracts":[80],"average":[85],"tracts,":[88],"Jargowsky":[91],"Neighbourhood":[92],"Sorting":[93],"Index.":[94],"MAIN":[95],"RESULTS:":[96],"Results":[97],"suggest":[98],"that":[99],"urban":[102],"is":[104,149],"associated":[105],"an":[107],"additional":[108],"mortality":[109,118,148],"burden.":[110],"However,":[111],"association":[113,143],"these":[120],"statistical":[122],"found":[125],"be":[127],"independent":[128],"economic":[133],"their":[136],"constituent":[137],"neighbourhoods.":[138],"CONCLUSIONS:":[139],"Most":[140],"not":[150],"effects":[154],"greater":[156],"segregation.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}