{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971470005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","title":"The Impact of Incremental Innovation in Biopharmaceuticals","display_name":"The Impact of Incremental Innovation in Biopharmaceuticals","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971470005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","mag":"1971470005","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23389490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43019230","display_name":"PharmacoEconomics","issn_l":"1170-7690","issn":["1170-7690","1179-2027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320330","host_organization_name":"Adis, Springer Healthcare","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320330","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Adis, Springer Healthcare","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PharmacoEconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003148701","display_name":"Ernst R. Berndt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-0768","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6388-0768"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernst R. Berndt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. eberndt@mit.edu","Massachusetts Institute of Technology and National Bureau of Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology and National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA. eberndt@mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology and National Bureau of Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013721295","display_name":"Iain Cockburn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-0187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-0187","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-5908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain M. Cockburn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","Boston University","National Bureau of Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075886691","display_name":"Karen A. Gr\u00e9pin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-0045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4368-0045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen A. Gr\u00e9pin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","Harvard University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003148701"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":4990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95548675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"S2","first_page":"69","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11649","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-innovation","display_name":"incremental innovation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopharmaceuticals","display_name":"biopharmaceuticals","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-indications","display_name":"new indications","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-formulations","display_name":"new formulations","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-productivity","display_name":"R&D productivity","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-chemical-entities","display_name":"new chemical entities","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ace-inhibitors","display_name":"ACE inhibitors","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-pump-inhibitors","display_name":"proton pump inhibitors","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors","display_name":"selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fda-drug-approval","display_name":"FDA drug approval","score":0.6480000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781047461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679692","display_name":"Biopharmaceutical","level":2,"score":0.6406731605529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.5699880123138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5468969345092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.5409695506095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992293740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781752","display_name":"Drug approval","level":3,"score":0.44365644454956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.43593552708625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776738588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567856","display_name":"Pharmacoeconomics","level":2,"score":0.4270963668823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3731061816215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.35675913095474243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33514684438705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.14164358377456665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004345","descriptor_name":"Drug Industry","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004348","descriptor_name":"Drug Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012106","descriptor_name":"Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014486","descriptor_name":"United States Food and Drug Administration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015195","descriptor_name":"Drug Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017277","descriptor_name":"Drug Approval","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017598","descriptor_name":"Efficiency, Organizational","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43019230","display_name":"PharmacoEconomics","issn_l":"1170-7690","issn":["1170-7690","1179-2027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320330","host_organization_name":"Adis, Springer Healthcare","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320330","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Adis, Springer Healthcare","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PharmacoEconomics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23389490","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23389490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PharmacoEconomics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:pharme:v:24:y:2006:i:2:p:69-86","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.2165/00019053-200624002-00008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307765","display_name":"Pfizer","ror":"https://ror.org/01xdqrp08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309636","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W272503599","https://openalex.org/W428198659","https://openalex.org/W1542445145","https://openalex.org/W1766576728","https://openalex.org/W1994695979","https://openalex.org/W2009717120","https://openalex.org/W2017976931","https://openalex.org/W2038527497","https://openalex.org/W2045226478","https://openalex.org/W2045304522","https://openalex.org/W2045566874","https://openalex.org/W2076281715","https://openalex.org/W2083083619","https://openalex.org/W2093313266","https://openalex.org/W2099126463","https://openalex.org/W2115456579","https://openalex.org/W2118243939","https://openalex.org/W2121175754","https://openalex.org/W2146036132","https://openalex.org/W2167200864","https://openalex.org/W2183630300","https://openalex.org/W2316060279","https://openalex.org/W2323328897","https://openalex.org/W2341172536","https://openalex.org/W2444512675","https://openalex.org/W4229502521","https://openalex.org/W4405230900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127931564","https://openalex.org/W2051732363","https://openalex.org/W3159869785","https://openalex.org/W3119792120","https://openalex.org/W2029774593","https://openalex.org/W170769544","https://openalex.org/W3081240024","https://openalex.org/W410680564","https://openalex.org/W1963764416","https://openalex.org/W3082108191"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
