{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971265809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","title":"The changing nature of the informal sector in Karachi as a result of global restructuring and liberalization","display_name":"The changing nature of the informal sector in Karachi as a result of global restructuring and liberalization","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971265809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","mag":"1971265809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/095624780201400106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095624780201400106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13622375","display_name":"Environment and Urbanization","issn_l":"0956-2478","issn":["0956-2478","1746-0301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Urbanization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095624780201400106","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045386573","display_name":"Arif Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2716-7332","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2716-7332"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arif Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karachi,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karachi,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045386573"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0651,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94741015,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"69","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13894","display_name":"Indian Economic and Social Development","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-economy","display_name":"informal economy","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-settlements","display_name":"informal settlements","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-restructuring","display_name":"global restructuring","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-liberalization","display_name":"economic liberalization","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karachi","display_name":"Karachi","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/housing","display_name":"housing","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-and-sanitation","display_name":"water and sanitation","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-services","display_name":"informal services","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-enterprises","display_name":"informal enterprises","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/textile-industry","display_name":"textile industry","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"inequality","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informal-organizations","display_name":"informal organizations","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediaries","display_name":"intermediaries","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-revolution","display_name":"communication revolution","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.7329384088516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64089585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944235","display_name":"Informal sector","level":2,"score":0.7075523138046265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.6806299090385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58823610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q746418","display_name":"Liberalization","level":2,"score":0.6368095874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5894699096679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5301889777183533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121426985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591763","display_name":"Private sector","level":2,"score":0.521941602230072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5112662315368652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.5025303363800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.4979522228240967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4475041627883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43231239914894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.3696516752243042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.36000925302505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105639569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582577","display_name":"Economic policy","level":1,"score":0.33224189281463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.16376438736915588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10972967743873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09399810433387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/095624780201400106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095624780201400106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13622375","display_name":"Environment and Urbanization","issn_l":"0956-2478","issn":["0956-2478","1746-0301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Urbanization","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1630/095624702101286115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1630/095624702101286115","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1630/095624702101286115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13622375","display_name":"Environment and Urbanization","issn_l":"0956-2478","issn":["0956-2478","1746-0301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Urbanization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/095624780201400106","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780201400106","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/095624780201400106","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13622375","display_name":"Environment and Urbanization","issn_l":"0956-2478","issn":["0956-2478","1746-0301"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environment and Urbanization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.5473999977111816,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.5142999887466431,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1971265809.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1971265809.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3031017101","https://openalex.org/W1999133066","https://openalex.org/W7220023016","https://openalex.org/W4385561076","https://openalex.org/W2478820766","https://openalex.org/W3206544001","https://openalex.org/W648897675","https://openalex.org/W7100682395","https://openalex.org/W2765086264","https://openalex.org/W4401393256"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,56],"describes":[2],"how":[3],"much":[4],"of":[5,42,78,96,132,140,163],"Karachi\u2019s":[6],"population":[7,44],"has":[8],"relied":[9],"on":[10,159,165],"informal":[11,15,21,29,112],"settlements":[12],"for":[13,17,23,31,130],"housing,":[14],"infrastructure":[16],"water":[18],"and":[19,26,28,46,64,75,88,90,114,128,150],"sanitation,":[20],"services":[22],"health":[24],"care":[25],"education":[27],"enterprises":[30,53],"employment.":[32],"These":[33],"have":[34,66],"filled":[35],"the":[36,43,59,72,76,105,111,115,124,133,144,160],"gap":[37,125],"between":[38,126],"what":[39,47],"large":[40],"sections":[41],"needed":[45],"neither":[48],"government":[49],"nor":[50],"formal":[51],"private":[52,142],"provided.":[54],"The":[55],"then":[57],"discusses":[58],"changes":[60],"that":[61,117],"global":[62],"restructuring":[63],"liberalization":[65,164],"brought,":[67],"which":[68],"include":[69],"inflation":[70],"(as":[71],"rupee":[73],"devalued)":[74],"decline":[77],"light":[79],"engineering":[80],"industry":[81],"(unable":[82],"to":[83],"compete":[84],"with":[85,168],"cheap":[86],"imports),":[87],"carpets":[89],"textiles":[91],"production":[92],"(in":[93],"part":[94],"because":[95],"greatly":[97],"increased":[98],"electricity":[99],"charges).":[100],"It":[101],"suggests":[102],"that,":[103],"while":[104],"communications":[106],"revolution":[107],"helps":[108],"fuel":[109],"aspirations,":[110],"organizations":[113],"middlemen":[116],"manage":[118],"them":[119],"will":[120],"no":[121,138,157],"longer":[122],"bridge":[123],"needs":[127],"aspirations":[129],"most":[131],"population.":[134],"Since":[135],"there":[136,155],"is":[137,146,156],"sign":[139],"new":[141],"investment,":[143],"result":[145],"also":[147],"growing":[148],"unemployment":[149],"widening":[151],"inequalities.":[152],"As":[153],"yet,":[154],"research":[158],"long-term":[161],"effects":[162],"this":[166],"city":[167],"some":[169],"10":[170],"million":[171],"inhabitants.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
