{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971134484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","title":"Brain damage after neonatal tetanus in a rural Kenyan hospital","display_name":"Brain damage after neonatal tetanus in a rural Kenyan hospital","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971134484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","mag":"1971134484","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148484591","display_name":"Tropical Medicine & International Health","issn_l":"1360-2276","issn":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. L. Barlow","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267625","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03my81p15","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. L. Barlow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075357167","display_name":"V. Mung\u2019ala\u2010Odera","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267625","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03my81p15","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Mung'Ala\u2010Odera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. Gona","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267625","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03my81p15","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Gona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014291864","display_name":"Charles R. J. C. Newton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-5507","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6999-5507"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267625","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/03my81p15","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4405267625","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. R. J. C. Newton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya","Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurosciences Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014291864"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I4405267625"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.367,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.56836589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"305","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12499","display_name":"Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12499","display_name":"Diphtheria, Corynebacterium, and Tetanus","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10873","display_name":"Bacterial Infections and Vaccines","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.004600000102072954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neonatal-tetanus","display_name":"neonatal tetanus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-neurodevelopmental-outcomes","display_name":"long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-damage","display_name":"brain damage","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcephaly","display_name":"microcephaly","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-disabilities","display_name":"developmental disabilities","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-abnormalities","display_name":"neurological abnormalities","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-problems","display_name":"behavioral problems","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fine-motor-coordination","display_name":"fine motor coordination","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbal-autopsy","display_name":"verbal autopsy","score":0.7910000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-mortality","display_name":"child mortality","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-kenya","display_name":"rural Kenya","score":0.3319999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7839010953903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.7046434879302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780548902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18967592","display_name":"Neonatal tetanus","level":4,"score":0.5446902513504028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67774102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614132","display_name":"Number needed to treat","level":4,"score":0.5129327774047852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781410689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17370247","display_name":"Verbal autopsy","level":4,"score":0.48602133989334106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776395126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431643","display_name":"Microcephaly","level":2,"score":0.4662109315395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.3443676233291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779841045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47790","display_name":"Tetanus","level":3,"score":0.2528291344642639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.20327764749526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.1683473289012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.14866244792938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.13907977938652039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13502365350723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001925","descriptor_name":"Brain Damage, Chronic","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008499","descriptor_name":"Medical Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012423","descriptor_name":"Rural Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013742","descriptor_name":"Tetanus","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013742","descriptor_name":"Tetanus","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017741","descriptor_name":"Survivors","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00705.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148484591","display_name":"Tropical Medicine & International Health","issn_l":"1360-2276","issn":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11348521","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:25994","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/25994/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tropical Medicine and International Health , 6 pp. 1-4. (2001)","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98568605","https://openalex.org/W1569733720","https://openalex.org/W1586598426","https://openalex.org/W1946352393","https://openalex.org/W1975035452","https://openalex.org/W1994139767","https://openalex.org/W1996357844","https://openalex.org/W2031259098","https://openalex.org/W2032921078","https://openalex.org/W2103677321","https://openalex.org/W2119589973","https://openalex.org/W2127201662","https://openalex.org/W2135278021","https://openalex.org/W2154645714","https://openalex.org/W2186811541","https://openalex.org/W2414400908","https://openalex.org/W2423362716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2756588470","https://openalex.org/W2103677321","https://openalex.org/W2135278021","https://openalex.org/W4200032184","https://openalex.org/W2603318454","https://openalex.org/W2423362716","https://openalex.org/W2626075118","https://openalex.org/W2299724898","https://openalex.org/W2031259098","https://openalex.org/W1923354064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Neonatal":[1],"tetanus":[2],"(NNT)":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5],"important":[6],"cause":[7,135],"of":[8,21,25,38,70,81,87,124,136,149,157,194,204,213],"mortality":[9],"in":[10,30,58,93,138],"resource":[11],"poor":[12],"countries,":[13],"particularly":[14,226],"sub-Saharan":[15],"Africa.":[16],"There":[17],"are":[18],"no":[19],"reports":[20],"the":[22,59,88,94,119,122,125,134],"long-term":[23],"outcome":[24],"children":[26,39,139,161],"who":[27,140,208],"survive":[28,209],"NNT":[29,76,105,150,169,195,210],"African":[31],"hospitals.":[32],"DESIGN:":[33],"In":[34],"a":[35,54,108,114,179],"retrospective":[36],"study":[37],"discharged":[40],"from":[41],"Kilifi":[42],"District":[43],"Hospital":[44],"(KDH),":[45],"Kenya":[46],"with":[47,53,75,165,174],"NNT,":[48],"each":[49],"child":[50,56],"was":[51,116,130,152],"linked":[52],"comparative":[55],"(CC)":[57],"community":[60],"matched":[61],"for":[62],"age,":[63],"sex":[64],"and":[65,79,110,113,185,231],"locality.":[66],"PARTICIPANTS:":[67],"A":[68,127],"total":[69],"123":[71],"patients":[72],"were":[73,91],"admitted":[74],"between":[77],"1992":[78],"1996,":[80],"whom":[82],"68%":[83],"died.":[84,102],"Twenty-three":[85],"(59%)":[86],"39":[89],"survivors":[90,106,151,170,196],"traced":[92],"community,":[95],"10":[96],"had":[97,101,141,162,171],"moved":[98],"away,":[99],"six":[100],"OUTCOME":[103],"MEASURES:":[104],"underwent":[107],"neurological":[109,188,221],"developmental":[111,182,223],"examination":[112],"questionnaire":[115],"administered":[117],"to":[118,132],"parents":[120,203],"about":[121],"behaviour":[123,232],"child.":[126],"verbal":[128],"autopsy":[129],"used":[131],"determine":[133],"death":[137],"died":[142],"after":[143],"discharge.":[144],"RESULTS:":[145],"The":[146],"head":[147],"circumference":[148],"significantly":[153],"smaller":[154],"than":[155,191,202],"that":[156,216],"CC":[158,167],"(P=0.037);":[159],"eight":[160],"microcephaly":[163],"compared":[164],"one":[166],"(P=0.011).":[168],"more":[172,186,198],"problems":[173,200],"hand-eye":[175],"co-ordination":[176],"tasks":[177],"(P=0.035),":[178],"lower":[180],"summated":[181],"score":[183],"(P=0.023)":[184],"mild":[187,220],"abnormalities":[189],"(P=0.008)":[190],"CC.":[192,205],"Parents":[193],"reported":[197],"behavioural":[199],"(P=0.02)":[201],"CONCLUSIONS:":[206],"Children":[207],"have":[211],"evidence":[212],"brain":[214],"damage":[215],"manifests":[217],"as":[218],"microcephaly,":[219],"abnormalities,":[222],"impairment":[224],"-":[225,230],"fine":[227],"motor":[228],"difficulties":[229],"problems.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
