{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970833404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","title":"Artificial Intelligence-A Case for Agnosticism","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence-A Case for Agnosticism","publication_year":1974,"publication_date":"1974-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970833404","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","mag":"1970833404"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002065279","display_name":"B. Chandrasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-1223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5582-1223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Chandrasekaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087238105","display_name":"Larry H. Reeker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181233156","display_name":"University of Oregon","ror":"https://ror.org/0293rh119","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larry H. Reeker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science and the Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.; Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403","Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403","Department of Computer and Information Science and the Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science and the Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.; Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156","https://openalex.org/I52357470"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181233156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science and the Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.3146,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98517766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"SMC-4","issue":"1","first_page":"88","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.4503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13308","display_name":"Cybernetics and Technology in Society","score":0.4503999948501587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.3041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.13230000436306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agnosticism","display_name":"agnosticism","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mind-as-machine","display_name":"mind as machine","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-design","display_name":"machine design","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"philosophy of artificial intelligence","score":0.7059999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776139661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288928","display_name":"Agnosticism","level":2,"score":0.9596261978149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.683236837387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.6404235363006592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.613257110118866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5891347527503967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5826985836029053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.517331063747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.48973584175109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.4095844626426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3686458468437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25287115573883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.1974.5408526","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76152103","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics","issn_l":"0018-9472","issn":["0018-9472","2168-2909"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590281215","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2009125891","https://openalex.org/W2086390954","https://openalex.org/W2097253200","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2939474847","https://openalex.org/W3003370097","https://openalex.org/W3081607173","https://openalex.org/W3149025087","https://openalex.org/W3159543277","https://openalex.org/W3204798396","https://openalex.org/W4236521339"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245057580","https://openalex.org/W6910882320","https://openalex.org/W7117128657","https://openalex.org/W4388215706","https://openalex.org/W7161689704","https://openalex.org/W2112206808","https://openalex.org/W7115889290","https://openalex.org/W2568733662","https://openalex.org/W2051765467","https://openalex.org/W7153168165"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Almost":[0],"all":[1],"of":[2,10,13,20,25,28,32,62,133,147,195,198,206,218,227,242,245],"the":[3,7,11,23,26,33,37,60,76,86,89,108,115,134,137,140,145,148,176,193,196,199,204,215,219,221,225,228],"published":[4],"work":[5],"on":[6,144,214],"philosophical":[8],"question":[9,117,222],"limitation":[12],"mechanical":[14],"intelligence":[15,64,120],"has":[16],"argued":[17],"in":[18],"favor":[19],"one":[21,94,241],"or":[22,96],"other":[24],"polarities":[27],"possible":[29,42,126],"positions,":[30],"those":[31],"True":[34,77,141],"Believer":[35,78,142],"and":[36,139],"Infidel.":[38],"It":[39],"is,":[40],"however,":[41],"to":[43,65,106,127,150,167,202,224,232],"take":[44],"a":[45,51,67,159,181,187,207],"position":[46,52,68],"between":[47,136],"these":[48],"two":[49],"extremes,":[50],"we":[53],"call":[54],"Agnostic.":[55],"We":[56],"believe":[57],"agnosticism":[58,239],"concerning":[59],"possibility":[61],"artificial":[63,119],"be":[66,151,163,168,179],"held":[69],"by":[70],"many":[71],"computer":[72],"scientists.":[73],"In":[74],"general,":[75],"maintains":[79,91],"that":[80,114,156,175],"\"thinking\"":[81],"machines":[82,99],"are":[83,100],"\"just":[84],"around":[85],"corner,\"":[87],"while":[88],"Infidel":[90],"that,":[92],"for":[93,118],"reason":[95],"another,":[97],"such":[98],"impossible.":[101],"The":[102,153,172],"Agnostic":[103,138,173],"is":[104,122,125,185,192,212,240],"willing":[105],"accept":[107],"mechanist":[109],"thesis,":[110],"but":[111,183],"he":[112],"feels":[113],"relevant":[116],"research":[121],"whether":[123],"it":[124,184],"design":[128],"an":[129],"intelligent":[130],"machine.":[131,189],"Much":[132],"argument":[135],"hinges":[143],"complexity":[146,197,217,226],"system":[149],"simulated.":[152],"latter":[154],"holds":[155,174],"man":[157],"\"as":[158],"behaving":[160],"system\"":[161],"cannot":[162],"so":[164],"complex":[165],"as":[166,223],"practically":[169],"beyond":[170],"design.":[171],"mind":[177],"may":[178],"\"simply\"":[180],"machine,":[182],"not":[186,244],"simple":[188],"Furthermore,":[190],"there":[191,211],"problem":[194],"procedure":[200,230],"required":[201,231],"unravel":[203],"structure":[205,235],"system.":[208],"Even":[209],"if":[210],"agreement":[213],"internal":[216],"mind,":[220],"diagnostic":[229],"identify":[233],"its":[234],"remains":[236],"open.":[237],"Our":[238],"belief,":[243],"action.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}