{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970417142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","title":"Penman\u2019s Devil: The Chirographic and Typographic Urgency of Race in the Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, An African","display_name":"Penman\u2019s Devil: The Chirographic and Typographic Urgency of Race in the Letters of the Late Ignatius Sancho, An African","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970417142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","mag":"1970417142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/eal.2013.0047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117554745","display_name":"Early American literature","issn_l":"0012-8163","issn":["0012-8163","1534-147X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315743","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315743"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of North Carolina Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022150093","display_name":"Mark Alan Mattes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6490-3693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6490-3693"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark Alan Mattes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022150093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22507593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"48","issue":"3","first_page":"577","last_page":"612"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14386","display_name":"Libraries, Manuscripts, and Books","score":0.7764000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14386","display_name":"Libraries, Manuscripts, and Books","score":0.7764000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.18019999563694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10011","display_name":"Literature: history, themes, analysis","score":0.012799999676644802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ignatius-sancho","display_name":"Ignatius Sancho","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/john-nichols","display_name":"John Nichols","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abolitionism","display_name":"abolitionism","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antislavery","display_name":"antislavery","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typography","display_name":"typography","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chirography","display_name":"chirography","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthography","display_name":"orthography","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punctuation","display_name":"punctuation","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-black-atlantic","display_name":"Black Atlantic","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation-of-black-men","display_name":"representation of Black men","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/book-history","display_name":"book history","score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"media studies","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laurence-sterne","display_name":"Laurence Sterne","score":0.531000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780422510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027938","display_name":"Humanity","level":2,"score":0.5071864128112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.5009992122650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.497759610414505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4439234137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780179797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q345844","display_name":"Crew","level":2,"score":0.43577444553375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122980154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205555","display_name":"Feeling","level":2,"score":0.4102693200111389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3743175268173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3097660541534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2285330891609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20734134316444397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1827903687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.17277511954307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.1558404564857483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/eal.2013.0047","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/eal.2013.0047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117554745","display_name":"Early American literature","issn_l":"0012-8163","issn":["0012-8163","1534-147X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315743","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315743"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of North Carolina Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Early American Literature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/524950","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/524950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88626760","https://openalex.org/W110570254","https://openalex.org/W373544508","https://openalex.org/W575794143","https://openalex.org/W591665794","https://openalex.org/W597547564","https://openalex.org/W615267904","https://openalex.org/W624939337","https://openalex.org/W640140838","https://openalex.org/W642954822","https://openalex.org/W643617205","https://openalex.org/W644319613","https://openalex.org/W646529750","https://openalex.org/W653420262","https://openalex.org/W655578775","https://openalex.org/W1502313529","https://openalex.org/W1522756747","https://openalex.org/W1541431938","https://openalex.org/W1544816201","https://openalex.org/W1563934458","https://openalex.org/W1596752858","https://openalex.org/W1871921236","https://openalex.org/W1914677901","https://openalex.org/W1971181367","https://openalex.org/W1976566788","https://openalex.org/W1997640715","https://openalex.org/W1998178961","https://openalex.org/W2006558985","https://openalex.org/W2013079558","https://openalex.org/W2023530290","https://openalex.org/W2037886332","https://openalex.org/W2041756808","https://openalex.org/W2044260865","https://openalex.org/W2051721285","https://openalex.org/W2052945742","https://openalex.org/W2053541368","https://openalex.org/W2057079610","https://openalex.org/W2065426055","https://openalex.org/W2074289987","https://openalex.org/W2091193074","https://openalex.org/W2092060530","https://openalex.org/W2111238837","https://openalex.org/W2150851423","https://openalex.org/W2159131762","https://openalex.org/W2161315621","https://openalex.org/W2162853895","https://openalex.org/W2177969131","https://openalex.org/W2312834717","https://openalex.org/W2504871892","https://openalex.org/W3142602704","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386232304","https://openalex.org/W7156184512","https://openalex.org/W4213250946","https://openalex.org/W3005817731","https://openalex.org/W4403090887","https://openalex.org/W4388533934","https://openalex.org/W7156184061","https://openalex.org/W644319613","https://openalex.org/W2159131762","https://openalex.org/W2608099965"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Penman\u2019s":[0],"DevilThe":[1],"Chirographic":[2],"and":[3,27,88,122,184,210,217,226,233,240,257,267,284,293,358,367,390,431,446,467,472,565,586,595,603,610,619,626],"Typographic":[4],"Urgency":[5],"of":[6,11,53,61,76,82,92,120,131,189,214,221,237,254,278,286,312,321,332,355,378,412,428,437,443,450,457,477,482,489,494,503,519,544,554,576,581,622,638,651,657,668,673],"Race":[7],"in":[8,31,116,137,142,342,453,492,566],"the":[9,12,50,57,59,62,89,106,117,128,132,185,208,211,222,234,252,263,275,294,316,333,409,424,429,441,448,458,474,545,582,600,617,669],"Letters":[10,60],"Late":[13,63],"Ignatius":[14,23,64,313],"Sancho,":[15,24,65],"An":[16,66,372,498],"African":[17,176,215,290,388,624],"Mark":[18],"Alan":[19],"Mattes":[20],"(bio)":[21],"When":[22],"an":[25,174,182,614],"Anglo-African":[26],"former":[28],"slave,":[29],"died":[30],"1780,":[32],"editor":[33],"Frances":[34],"Crew":[35,42,169,197],"assembled":[36],"his":[37,77,193,227,353,364,417,454,478,652],"extant":[38],"letters":[39,653],"(fig.":[40],"1).":[41],"worked":[43],"with":[44,85,631],"printer-publisher":[45],"John":[46],"Nichols":[47],"to":[48,146,161,165,171,181,191,204,260,422,485,524,549,557,648],"publish":[49],"first":[51],"edition":[52],"Sancho\u2019s":[54,83,349,356,405,464,608,636],"correspondence":[55,84],"under":[56],"title":[58],"African.":[67],"In":[68,219,352],"Two":[69],"Volumes.":[70],"To":[71],"which":[72,384,558],"are":[73],"prefixed,":[74],"Memoirs":[75],"Life":[78],"(1782).":[79],"Earlier":[80],"publications":[81],"Laurence":[86],"Sterne":[87],"piqued":[90],"curiosities":[91],"those":[93],"who":[94,157],"condescendingly":[95],"saw":[96],"him":[97,612],"as":[98,151,433,530,613,644,654,671],"a":[99,109,148,152,376,434,646],"novelty":[100],"likely":[101],"fueled":[102],"some":[103],"demand":[104],"for":[105,302,512,616],"Letters,":[107,670],"but":[108],"great":[110],"many":[111],"subscribers":[112],"were":[113,375,392],"Britons":[114],"engaged":[115],"growing":[118],"tide":[119],"abolitionist":[121],"antislavery":[123],"sentiments":[124],"that":[125,245,335,363,386,404,463,541,598,635],"escalated":[126],"during":[127],"closing":[129],"decades":[130],"eighteenth":[133],"century.1":[134],"The":[135,322,628,664],"urgency":[136],"producing":[138],"this":[139,199],"collection":[140],"lay":[141],"these":[143],"Britons\u2019":[144],"desire":[145],"represent":[147],"black":[149,490],"man":[150],"reasoning,":[153],"feeling,":[154],"civilized":[155],"being":[156],"would":[158,201],"be":[159,339],"accessible":[160],"white":[162],"audiences.":[163],"According":[164],"her":[166],"editorial":[167,596],"note,":[168],"hoped":[170],"demonstrate":[172],"\u201cthat":[173],"untutored":[175],"may":[177],"possess":[178],"abilities":[179,621],"equal":[180],"European;":[183],"still":[186],"superior":[187],"motive,":[188],"wishing":[190],"serve":[192],"worthy":[194],"family\u201d":[195],"(4).":[196],"believed":[198],"demonstration":[200],"do":[202],"much":[203],"counter":[205,647],"doubts":[206],"about":[207,274,533],"humanity":[209],"mental":[212],"capacities":[213],"men":[216,389,625],"women.2":[218],"light":[220],"overt":[223],"connections":[224],"Sancho":[225,314],"readers":[228],"made":[229,271],"among":[230],"race,":[231],"ethnicity,":[232],"physical":[235],"materials":[236],"writing,":[238],"printing,":[239],"reading,":[241],"it":[242],"is":[243,509,578,634],"surprising":[244],"more":[246],"scholars":[247,285],"have":[248,270],"not":[249],"explicitly":[250],"brought":[251],"concerns":[253],"book":[255,282],"history":[256],"media":[258],"studies":[259],"bear":[261],"on":[262,348],"Letters.3":[264],"Leon":[265],"Jackson":[266],"Joseph":[268],"Rezek":[269,526,538],"similar":[272],"observations":[273],"relative":[276],"lack":[277],"intellectual":[279,410,618],"exchange":[280],"between":[281],"historians":[283],"their":[287,487,604],"respective":[288],"domains,":[289],"American":[291],"culture":[292],"Black":[295],"Atlantic.4":[296],"A":[297],"[End":[298,419],"Page":[299,420],"577]":[300],"Click":[301],"larger":[303],"view":[304],"View":[305],"full":[306],"resolution":[307],"Figure":[308],"1.":[309],"Frontispiece":[310],"portrait":[311],"from":[315],"1782":[317],"edition.":[318],"Photo":[319],"courtesy":[320],"Newberry":[323],"Library,":[324],"Chicago.":[325],"Call":[326],"no.":[327],"E5":[328],"S205.":[329],"clear":[330],"expression":[331],"neglect":[334],"they":[336,569],"observe":[337],"can":[338],"found,":[340],"ironically,":[341],"literary":[343,658],"critic":[344],"Sukhdev":[345],"Sandhu\u2019s":[346,501,632],"work":[347],"manuscript":[350],"practices.":[351],"analysis":[354],"orthography":[357,430],"punctuation,":[359],"Sandhu":[360,402,439],"cogently":[361],"argues":[362],"\u201cdashes,":[365],"digressions,":[366],"textual":[368],"games\u201d":[369],"(\u201cIgnatius":[370,496],"Sancho:":[371,497],"African\u201d":[373,499],"51)":[374],"\u201cmeans":[377],"sardonically":[379],"critiquing":[380],"contemporary":[381],"racialist":[382],"theory,\u201d":[383],"held":[385],"dark-skinned":[387],"women":[391],"innately":[393],"unable":[394],"\u201cto":[395],"perform":[396],"linear":[397],"functions\u201d":[398],"(London":[399],"Calling":[400],"39\u201340).":[401],"asserts":[403],"nonlinear":[406],"style":[407],"exposed":[408],"impoverishment":[411],"Enlightenment":[413],"racism.":[414],"Yet,":[415],"despite":[416],"willingness":[418],"578]":[421],"credit":[423],"disruptive":[425],"visual":[426],"appearance":[427],"punctuation":[432],"\u201cradical":[435],"form\u201d":[436],"protest,":[438],"elevates":[440],"virtuosity":[442],"verbal":[444,504],"performances":[445],"deemphasizes":[447],"significance":[449],"material":[451,507,641],"texts":[452,508,543],"final":[455],"assessment":[456],"Letters\u2019":[459],"political":[460],"import,":[461],"asserting":[462],"\u201cliterary":[465],"criticism":[466,659],"philosophical":[468],"passages":[469],"\u2026":[470,560],"over":[471,506],"above":[473],"very":[475,517],"existence":[476,518],"book,":[479],"forced":[480],"proponents":[481],"negro":[483],"inferiority\u201d":[484],"reframe":[486],"critiques":[488],"writing":[491],"terms":[493],"aesthetics":[495],"70).":[500],"elevation":[502],"expressions":[505],"deeply":[510],"problematic":[511],"two":[513],"reasons.":[514],"First,":[515],"\u201cthe":[516,542],"[Sancho\u2019s]":[520],"book\u201d":[521],"could":[522],"lead":[523],"what":[525],"has":[527],"recently":[528],"described":[529],"\u201chierarchical":[531],"thinking":[532],"race\u201d":[534],"(\u201cPrint":[535],"Atlantic\u201d":[536],"33).":[537],"reminds":[539],"us":[540,550],"print":[546,592,666],"Atlantic":[547],"come":[548],"mediated":[551],"through":[552],"institutions":[553,556],"dissemination,":[555],"authors":[559],"often":[561,588],"found":[562],"themselves":[563],"subject":[564],"which,":[567],"rarely,":[568],"wielded":[570],"considerable":[571],"power\u201d":[572],"(39).":[573],"This":[574],"state":[575],"subjection":[577],"especially":[579],"true":[580],"posthumous":[583],"Letters.":[584],"Producers":[585],"consumers":[587],"used":[589],"its":[590],"paratexts5\u2014the":[591],"materials,":[593],"reviews,":[594],"apparatus":[597],"accompanied":[599],"printed":[601],"volumes":[602],"reception\u2014to":[605],"racially":[606],"inscribe":[607],"body":[609],"construct":[611],"emblem":[615],"moral":[620],"all":[623],"women.6":[627],"second":[629],"problem":[630],"reading":[633],"\u201cintertwining":[637],"linguistic":[639],"and\u201d":[640],"content":[642],"provides":[643],"important":[645],"racist":[649],"dismissals":[650],"any":[655],"piece":[656],"or":[660],"philosophy":[661],"(McGann":[662],"13).":[663],"multiple":[665],"editions":[667],"archives":[672],"Sancho\u2019s...":[674]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}