{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970113015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","title":"The Non-Neutrality of Technology: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Study of Computer Mediated Communication Technologies","display_name":"The Non-Neutrality of Technology: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Study of Computer Mediated Communication Technologies","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970113015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","mag":"1970113015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127795871","display_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","issn_l":"0735-6331","issn":["0735-6331","1541-4140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102974119","display_name":"Yong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-1677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1455-1677"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074874332","display_name":"Mar\u0131\u0301a Jos\u00e9 Alvarez-Torres","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Alvarez-Torres","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023018276","display_name":"BRYAN K. SMITH","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-6365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-6365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091676540","display_name":"Hueyshan Sophia Tan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hueyshan Sophia Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michigan State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102974119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8503,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98503863,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1-2","first_page":"23","last_page":"55"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.3978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":0.3978999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13155","display_name":"Digital Communication and Language","score":0.3361999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14516","display_name":"English Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.1354999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-neutral-technology","display_name":"non-neutral technology","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-mediated-communication","display_name":"computer-mediated communication","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technology-bias","display_name":"technology bias","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-student-interaction","display_name":"student-student interaction","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-acquisition","display_name":"vocabulary acquisition","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-learning","display_name":"online learning","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporality","display_name":"temporality","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatiality","display_name":"spatiality","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"identity","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"modality","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-behavior","display_name":"online behavior","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5836479067802429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.5716234445571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5621551275253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5598682165145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9049677","display_name":"Neutrality","level":2,"score":0.5587565898895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141679102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3517747","display_name":"Temporality","level":2,"score":0.5550755858421326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109778625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796573","display_name":"Computer-mediated communication","level":3,"score":0.5381994843482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4687735438346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.45269256830215454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.450960248708725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.43399202823638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.41023704409599304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.39846062660217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.343357652425766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2960558533668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.22897794842720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.16540831327438354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.1336250603199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1027151346206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2190/5n93-bjqr-3h4q-7704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S127795871","display_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","issn_l":"0735-6331","issn":["0735-6331","1541-4140"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Computing Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.113.1219","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.113.1219","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://zhao.educ.msu.edu/vita/publications/5 non-neutrality.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15726484","https://openalex.org/W47029222","https://openalex.org/W581135309","https://openalex.org/W591250916","https://openalex.org/W1756353881","https://openalex.org/W1817361523","https://openalex.org/W1971204154","https://openalex.org/W1993900335","https://openalex.org/W2001718658","https://openalex.org/W2010035843","https://openalex.org/W2010822863","https://openalex.org/W2012522902","https://openalex.org/W2016414194","https://openalex.org/W2029545416","https://openalex.org/W2032314009","https://openalex.org/W2090174930","https://openalex.org/W2091389049","https://openalex.org/W2111890388","https://openalex.org/W2119296085","https://openalex.org/W2133345793","https://openalex.org/W2153190547","https://openalex.org/W2500783958","https://openalex.org/W2939815973","https://openalex.org/W4200152179","https://openalex.org/W4210747493","https://openalex.org/W4229712533","https://openalex.org/W4233498962","https://openalex.org/W4248240305","https://openalex.org/W4299517805","https://openalex.org/W4299860957","https://openalex.org/W4388119635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4417264683","https://openalex.org/W2009820824","https://openalex.org/W7100520065","https://openalex.org/W339727714","https://openalex.org/W1551875254","https://openalex.org/W2511869933","https://openalex.org/W611944679","https://openalex.org/W2522482053","https://openalex.org/W2792604692","https://openalex.org/W1580279728"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Arguing":[0],"against":[1],"the":[2,57,69,153,171],"common":[3],"perception":[4],"of":[5,18,71,106,146],"technology":[6,32,96,175],"as":[7],"passive,":[8],"neutral,":[9],"and":[10,22,39,45,82,91,103,125,149,164,184],"universal,":[11],"this":[12],"article":[13],"presents":[14],"a":[15,19,31],"theoretical":[16],"analysis":[17],"commonly":[20],"used":[21],"frequently":[23],"studied":[24],"technology\u2014Computer":[25],"Mediated":[26],"Communication":[27],"(CMC)\u2014to":[28],"illustrate":[29],"how":[30],"that":[33,53,66,94,173,179],"is":[34,41],"often":[35],"undistinguished":[36],"in":[37,68,76,100,144],"practice":[38],"research":[40],"indeed":[42],"active,":[43],"biased,":[44],"specific.":[46],"We":[47,85],"then":[48],"report":[49],"two":[50,72,154],"exploratory":[51],"studies":[52,156],"attempt":[54],"to":[55,88,160],"test":[56],"proposed":[58],"framework":[59],"with":[60],"empirical":[61,155],"evidence.":[62],"The":[63],"findings":[64],"suggest":[65],"differences":[67],"features":[70,178],"CMC":[73,95],"sub-technologies":[74],"result":[75],"different":[77,114,120],"effects":[78],"on":[79,128,132,140],"student-student":[80],"interactions":[81],"vocabulary":[83],"learning.":[84],"are":[86,116],"able":[87],"both":[89],"theoretically":[90],"empirically":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"can":[97],"be":[98],"realized":[99],"multiple":[101],"forms":[102],"shapes,":[104],"each":[105,174],"which":[107],"has":[108,176],"its":[109],"own":[110],"individual":[111],"characteristics.":[112],"These":[113],"characteristics":[115,136],"distributed":[117],"across":[118],"four":[119],"dimensions:":[121],"temporality,":[122],"spatiality,":[123],"identity,":[124],"modality.":[126],"Depending":[127],"their":[129,161],"relative":[130],"location":[131],"these":[133,135],"dimensions,":[134],"have":[137],"significant":[138],"impact":[139],"student":[141],"online":[142],"behaviors":[143],"terms":[145],"social,":[147],"linguistic,":[148],"psychological":[150],"expressions.":[151],"Although":[152],"were":[157],"preliminary":[158],"due":[159],"sample":[162],"size":[163],"quasi-experimental":[165],"nature,":[166],"they":[167],"did":[168],"positively":[169],"confirm":[170],"view":[172],"unique":[177],"actively":[180],"shapes":[181],"potential":[182],"uses":[183],"users.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}