{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970112752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","title":"Game Theory of Social Distancing in Response to an Epidemic","display_name":"Game Theory of Social Distancing in Response to an Epidemic","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970112752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","mag":"1970112752","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20523740","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2877723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014300281","display_name":"Timothy C. Reluga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Timothy C. Reluga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America. timothy@reluga.org","Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America. timothy@reluga.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014300281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":{"value":3043,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3043},"apc_paid":{"value":3043,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3043},"fwci":11.7391,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":515,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99400126,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"e1000793","last_page":"e1000793"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.0722000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-distancing","display_name":"social distancing","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-mitigation","display_name":"epidemic mitigation","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-games","display_name":"differential games","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-protective-behavior","display_name":"self-protective behavior","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-reproduction-number","display_name":"basic reproduction number","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-transmission","display_name":"disease transmission","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-rate","display_name":"contact rate","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-detection","display_name":"epidemic detection","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-costs","display_name":"cost of infection","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.8787548542022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31957729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282877","display_name":"Distancing","level":5,"score":0.6015272736549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204264503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901464","display_name":"Basic reproduction number","level":3,"score":0.5819454193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.49742797017097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779006483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1973196","display_name":"Differential game","level":2,"score":0.46400800347328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1627819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2572354","display_name":"Epidemic model","level":3,"score":0.41717779636383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3485613465309143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.24119064211845398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2248762547969818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20814260840415955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.19509246945381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.18717721104621887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17197945713996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15947416424751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.09623846411705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004196","descriptor_name":"Disease Outbreaks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005716","descriptor_name":"Game Theory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008390","descriptor_name":"Markov Chains","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012929","descriptor_name":"Psychological Distance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014611","descriptor_name":"Vaccination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2877723","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2877723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Comput Biol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:20523740","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20523740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS computational biology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.354.7894","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.354.7894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/f5/a1/PLoS_Comput_Biol_2010_May_27_6(5)_e1000793.tar.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.431.2761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.431.2761","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.math.psu.edu/treluga/Reluga10PLCB.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:plo:pcbi00:1000793","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1c291174d2cb4413b6d295ef223f46ec","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1c291174d2cb4413b6d295ef223f46ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology, Vol 6, Iss 5, p e1000793 (2010)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000793&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S86033158","display_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","issn_l":"1553-734X","issn":["1553-734X","1553-7358"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-b","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLoS Computational Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1518536483","display_name":"Spatial Population Games in Epidemiology and Ecology","funder_award_id":"0920822","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7930048640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"49276","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1970112752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1970112752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W231975775","https://openalex.org/W1581842928","https://openalex.org/W1986965616","https://openalex.org/W2004826528","https://openalex.org/W2005391019","https://openalex.org/W2006333167","https://openalex.org/W2012086318","https://openalex.org/W2014763402","https://openalex.org/W2021870435","https://openalex.org/W2026544868","https://openalex.org/W2027738284","https://openalex.org/W2030735716","https://openalex.org/W2040719907","https://openalex.org/W2047959624","https://openalex.org/W2056265077","https://openalex.org/W2061129444","https://openalex.org/W2065359470","https://openalex.org/W2098014088","https://openalex.org/W2125434133","https://openalex.org/W2143523119","https://openalex.org/W2148301044","https://openalex.org/W2150934734","https://openalex.org/W2151367193","https://openalex.org/W2155317298","https://openalex.org/W2156537900","https://openalex.org/W2157760369","https://openalex.org/W2162707016","https://openalex.org/W2167443155","https://openalex.org/W2312463092","https://openalex.org/W2333697486","https://openalex.org/W2335725270","https://openalex.org/W2580211036","https://openalex.org/W2797561809","https://openalex.org/W3123259284","https://openalex.org/W4250382023","https://openalex.org/W4299690715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095297622","https://openalex.org/W1966700305","https://openalex.org/W7096559979","https://openalex.org/W2890155959","https://openalex.org/W3047135169","https://openalex.org/W3191497317","https://openalex.org/W4416931890","https://openalex.org/W3045035805","https://openalex.org/W4409489291","https://openalex.org/W3046209155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Social":[0,26],"distancing":[1,27,41,88,119,184,207,235],"practices":[2,28],"are":[3,54,136,167],"changes":[4],"in":[5,62,164],"behavior":[6],"that":[7,182],"prevent":[8],"disease":[9],"transmission":[10],"by":[11,51,100,124],"reducing":[12],"contact":[13],"rates":[14],"between":[15],"susceptible":[16],"individuals":[17,20,83,189],"and":[18,65,89,172,236],"infected":[19],"who":[21],"may":[22],"transmit":[23],"the":[24,31,37,44,59,110,126,140,153,165,168,173,197,214,222,231],"disease.":[25],"can":[29,67],"reduce":[30],"severity":[32],"of":[33,39,117,132,143,152,176,199,213,216,224,233],"an":[34,94,144],"epidemic,":[35],"but":[36],"benefits":[38],"social":[40,63,87,118,177,183,206,234],"depend":[42],"on":[43],"extent":[45],"to":[46,57,80,113,138,155,188],"which":[47],"it":[48],"is":[49,98,185],"used":[50,137],"individuals.":[52],"Individuals":[53],"sometimes":[55],"reluctant":[56],"pay":[58],"costs":[60,142],"inherent":[61],"distancing,":[64],"this":[66],"limit":[68],"its":[69],"effectiveness":[70],"as":[71,120,149,230],"a":[72,78,101,121,130,150],"control":[73],"measure.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"formulates":[77],"differential-game":[79],"identify":[81],"how":[82,221],"would":[84],"best":[85],"use":[86,109],"related":[90],"self-protective":[91],"behaviors":[92,128,148],"during":[93],"epidemic.":[95],"The":[96,161,179],"epidemic":[97,145,159],"described":[99],"simple,":[102],"well-mixed":[103],"ordinary":[104],"differential":[105,111],"equation":[106],"model.":[107],"We":[108,218],"game":[112],"study":[114],"potential":[115],"value":[116],"mitigation":[122],"measure":[123],"calculating":[125],"equilibrium":[127,147],"under":[129,146],"variety":[131],"cost-functions.":[133],"Numerical":[134],"methods":[135],"calculate":[139],"total":[141],"function":[151],"time":[154],"mass":[156],"vaccination,":[157],"following":[158],"identification.":[160],"key":[162],"parameters":[163],"analysis":[166],"basic":[169,191],"reproduction":[170,192],"number":[171],"baseline":[174],"efficiency":[175,232],"distancing.":[178],"results":[180],"show":[181,220],"most":[186],"beneficial":[187],"for":[190,226],"numbers":[193],"around":[194],"2.":[195],"In":[196],"absence":[198],"vaccination":[200],"or":[201],"other":[202],"intervention":[203],"measures,":[204],"optimal":[205],"never":[208],"recovers":[209],"more":[210],"than":[211],"30%":[212],"cost":[215],"infection.":[217],"also":[219],"window":[223],"opportunity":[225],"vaccine":[227],"development":[228],"lengthens":[229],"detection":[237],"improve.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
