{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1970017925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","title":"To leave or not to leave? A regression discontinuity analysis of the impact of failing the high school exit exam","display_name":"To leave or not to leave? A regression discontinuity analysis of the impact of failing the high school exit exam","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1970017925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","mag":"1970017925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4888523","display_name":"Economics of Education Review","issn_l":"0272-7757","issn":["0272-7757","1873-7382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics of Education Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727757","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064832857","display_name":"Dongshu Ou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongshu Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064832857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":37.9357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":93,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99643619,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"171","last_page":"186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.7480000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.17270000278949738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.0502999983727932,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-school-exit-exams","display_name":"high school exit exams","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-school-dropout","display_name":"high school dropout","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-accountability","display_name":"educational accountability","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-minority-students","display_name":"racial minority students","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-students","display_name":"low-income students","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-standards","display_name":"educational standards","score":0.8309999704360962}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66912227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138712","display_name":"Regression discontinuity design","level":2,"score":0.9534618258476257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.6068122386932373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281658","display_name":"Discontinuity (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5246322751045227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.5042890310287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.4757254421710968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4693029224872589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.4364299178123474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4212609529495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.380790650844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36531758308410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.34831929206848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.31968778371810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.293722540140152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1813492774963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15298566222190857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1062946617603302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09682157635688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":12,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.06.002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4888523","display_name":"Economics of Education Review","issn_l":"0272-7757","issn":["0272-7757","1873-7382"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics of Education Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:28278","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28278/1/ceedp107.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28278/1/ceedp107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:51589","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/51589/1/dp0907.pdf","pdf_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/51589/1/dp0907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Monograph"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:28278","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28278/1/ceedp107.pdf","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28278/1/ceedp107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lse.ac.uk:51589","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/51589/1/dp0907.pdf","pdf_url":"https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/51589/1/dp0907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Working paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cep:ceedps:0107","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cee/ceedp107.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/cee/ceedp107.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0907","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0907.pdf","pdf_url":"https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0907.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.169.214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.169.214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0907.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:ecoedu:v:29:y:2010:i:2:p:171-186","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272-7757(09)00057-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:28278","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28278/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ehl:lserod:51589","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/51589/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:35118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lse.ac.uk:35118","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02727757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401593","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","host_organization_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G415511948","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ES/H02123X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","funder_display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334630","display_name":"Economic and Social Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03n0ht308"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51093512","https://openalex.org/W53441728","https://openalex.org/W54216990","https://openalex.org/W84888492","https://openalex.org/W102185583","https://openalex.org/W117928839","https://openalex.org/W154291684","https://openalex.org/W216236433","https://openalex.org/W297331364","https://openalex.org/W1529918773","https://openalex.org/W1556906619","https://openalex.org/W1605715909","https://openalex.org/W1666604448","https://openalex.org/W1970017925","https://openalex.org/W1974325814","https://openalex.org/W1976198645","https://openalex.org/W1977672421","https://openalex.org/W1980234582","https://openalex.org/W1997389775","https://openalex.org/W2012752518","https://openalex.org/W2044107507","https://openalex.org/W2063069506","https://openalex.org/W2073405858","https://openalex.org/W2077984909","https://openalex.org/W2085720197","https://openalex.org/W2091120865","https://openalex.org/W2100930256","https://openalex.org/W2102639448","https://openalex.org/W2106114681","https://openalex.org/W2132730408","https://openalex.org/W2133640744","https://openalex.org/W2138078336","https://openalex.org/W2144029393","https://openalex.org/W2145340004","https://openalex.org/W2148918361","https://openalex.org/W2184207466","https://openalex.org/W2726549430","https://openalex.org/W2890027640","https://openalex.org/W3100522150","https://openalex.org/W3122958054","https://openalex.org/W3123799203","https://openalex.org/W3126007639","https://openalex.org/W3143560772","https://openalex.org/W4240884942","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W7028096343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2601637507","https://openalex.org/W7096703298","https://openalex.org/W7095735554","https://openalex.org/W2120158905","https://openalex.org/W7095328946","https://openalex.org/W1937673068","https://openalex.org/W2159006883","https://openalex.org/W2073634657","https://openalex.org/W2034217840","https://openalex.org/W2029504069"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}