{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1969831794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","title":"Design and fabrication of synthetic lenses in silicon","display_name":"Design and fabrication of synthetic lenses in silicon","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1969831794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","mag":"1969831794"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.140385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022253514","display_name":"Albert Stemmer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Stemmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038568803","display_name":"Helmut Zarschizky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helmut Zarschizky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013326579","display_name":"F. Mayerhofer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Mayerhofer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045902080","display_name":"Guy Lefranc","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Lefranc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108384206","display_name":"Hartmut W. Schneider","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325886976","display_name":"Siemens (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/059mq0909","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hartmut W. Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens AG (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens AG (Germany)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048691146","display_name":"Peter C. M. Galloway","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter C. M. Galloway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hertford College (Germany)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hertford College (Germany)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8694,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8992891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1732","issue":null,"first_page":"77","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11517","display_name":"Advanced optical system design","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10245","display_name":"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffractive-optics","display_name":"diffractive optics","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"silicon","score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron-beam-lithography","display_name":"electron beam lithography","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-etching","display_name":"dry etching","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffraction-efficiency","display_name":"diffraction efficiency","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-diode-to-fiber-coupling","display_name":"laser diode to fiber coupling","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"image quality","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens-manufacturing","display_name":"lens fabrication","score":0.5529999732971191}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.8328413367271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6676533818244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160671074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267131","display_name":"Wafer","level":2,"score":0.6131740808486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5794352293014526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5691925883293152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78434282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11656","display_name":"Diode","level":2,"score":0.5367518663406372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.5300725698471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18355248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850922","display_name":"Diffraction efficiency","level":3,"score":0.48115384578704834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.47409021854400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4723663926124573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46206602454185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13244864344596863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.140385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.140385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044623419","https://openalex.org/W2020030094","https://openalex.org/W2078525287","https://openalex.org/W3138013518","https://openalex.org/W2077082019","https://openalex.org/W2051359570","https://openalex.org/W2033659224","https://openalex.org/W2078556457","https://openalex.org/W2002232106","https://openalex.org/W1997628384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"report":[1],"on":[2],"the":[3,21,33,41,46,50,59,63,82,92,101],"design,":[4],"calculation,":[5],"and":[6,10,29,45,100],"fabrication":[7,42],"of":[8,20,35,84,89,94,104],"binary":[9,85],"multilevel":[11,73],"synthetic":[12],"lenses":[13,22,86],"realized":[14],"in":[15,87],"silicon.":[16],"The":[17,53],"diffractive":[18],"patterns":[19],"are":[23,67,75,79],"computer":[24],"generated,":[25],"direct":[26],"E-beam":[27],"written,":[28],"dry":[30],"etched":[31],"into":[32],"surface":[34],"silicon":[36],"wafers.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"describes":[40],"tools":[43],"used":[44],"techniques":[47],"applied":[48],"for":[49,62,81],"lens":[51],"fabrication.":[52],"data":[54],"processing":[55],"as":[56,58,70,72],"well":[57,71],"efforts":[60],"necessary":[61],"electron":[64],"beam":[65],"writing":[66],"emphasized.":[68],"Binary":[69],"elements":[74],"fabricated.":[76],"First":[77],"results":[78],"given":[80],"performance":[83],"terms":[88],"diffraction":[90],"efficiency,":[91],"efficiency":[93],"laser":[95],"diode":[96],"to":[97],"fiber":[98],"coupling,":[99],"image":[102],"quality":[103],"lenses.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-02T10:15:12.560889","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
