{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1969166331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","title":"AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE INCREMENTAL PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF BEAVER'S NAIVE OPERATING FLOW MEASURE USING FOUR\u2010STATE ORDINAL MODELS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS","display_name":"AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE INCREMENTAL PREDICTIVE ABILITY OF BEAVER'S NAIVE OPERATING FLOW MEASURE USING FOUR\u2010STATE ORDINAL MODELS OF FINANCIAL DISTRESS","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1969166331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","mag":"1969166331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48254654","display_name":"Journal of Business Finance &amp Accounting","issn_l":"0306-686X","issn":["0306-686X","1468-5957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026600581","display_name":"Terry J. Ward","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110325482","display_name":"Eastern Kentucky University","ror":"https://ror.org/012xks909","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110325482"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Terry J. Ward","raw_affiliation_strings":["The author is Assistant Professor of Accounting at Eastern Kentucky University. This article is based on his doctoral dissertation at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. He is indebted to the members of his Ph.D. committee: Professors Jan R. Williams (chair), Keith G. Stanga, James M. Reeve and Esteban Walker. This paper has also benefited greatly from comments from the anonymous referee and from Benjamin P. Foster, and Richard Fern"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The author is Assistant Professor of Accounting at Eastern Kentucky University. This article is based on his doctoral dissertation at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. He is indebted to the members of his Ph.D. committee: Professors Jan R. Williams (chair), Keith G. Stanga, James M. Reeve and Esteban Walker. This paper has also benefited greatly from comments from the anonymous referee and from Benjamin P. Foster, and Richard Fern","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110325482","https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026600581"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110325482","https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":{"value":3800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":61,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94569692,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"547","last_page":"561"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12509","display_name":"Corporate Insolvency and Governance","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12675","display_name":"Financial Reporting and Valuation Research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-distress-prediction","display_name":"financial distress prediction","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-cash-flow","display_name":"operating cash flow","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-income","display_name":"economic income","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bankruptcy-prediction","display_name":"bankruptcy prediction","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net-income","display_name":"net income","score":0.3619999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6001803278923035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95383336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4198710","display_name":"Depreciation (economics)","level":5,"score":0.5975931882858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4064479","display_name":"Amortization","level":3,"score":0.5572420954704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138262166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570938","display_name":"Net income","level":2,"score":0.5457162857055664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5307300686836243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984760201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1785212","display_name":"Financial distress","level":2,"score":0.5110605955123901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163428354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047513","display_name":"Cash flow","level":2,"score":0.4901522099971771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.46200627088546753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4512646198272705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170974965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720862","display_name":"Earnings before interest and taxes","level":2,"score":0.44522422552108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.33813926577568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2756473422050476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1904304027557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.11125746369361877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777764128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189539","display_name":"Loan","level":2,"score":0.10005307197570801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0870814323425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73283319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416617","display_name":"Financial system","level":1,"score":0.08536475896835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.07042774558067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.06945481896400452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58202505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035700","display_name":"Capital formation","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1994.tb00335.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S48254654","display_name":"Journal of Business Finance &amp Accounting","issn_l":"0306-686X","issn":["0306-686X","1468-5957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Finance &amp; Accounting","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7799999713897705}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589270515","https://openalex.org/W1986797382","https://openalex.org/W1994102621","https://openalex.org/W2006680549","https://openalex.org/W2020764437","https://openalex.org/W2020848494","https://openalex.org/W2035014156","https://openalex.org/W2040866919","https://openalex.org/W2047538922","https://openalex.org/W2048801439","https://openalex.org/W2051898882","https://openalex.org/W2063996877","https://openalex.org/W2087070669","https://openalex.org/W2090780285","https://openalex.org/W2095199042","https://openalex.org/W2138487075","https://openalex.org/W2316439516","https://openalex.org/W2319856444","https://openalex.org/W2324154612","https://openalex.org/W2974019651","https://openalex.org/W4253971021","https://openalex.org/W4300551976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2324154612","https://openalex.org/W3155553024","https://openalex.org/W2006680549","https://openalex.org/W2495326923","https://openalex.org/W2995396672","https://openalex.org/W2260785119","https://openalex.org/W2994648982","https://openalex.org/W2136417494","https://openalex.org/W2178561319","https://openalex.org/W2272016972"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,21,45,54,64,73,83,96],"this":[3,55,88],"paper":[4,25,56],"is":[5,17,60,69,79,91],"to":[6,41],"determine":[7],"why":[8],"net":[9,100],"income":[10,98],"adjusted":[11],"for":[12],"depreciation":[13],"and":[14,35,49],"amortization":[15],"(NOF)":[16],"a":[18,61,80,93],"strong":[19,62],"predictor":[20,63],"financial":[22,29,39,65],"distress.":[23],"This":[24],"develops":[26],"four\u2010state":[27],"ordinal":[28],"distress":[30,40,66],"models":[31],"lagged":[32],"one,":[33],"two,":[34],"three":[36],"years":[37],"before":[38],"test":[42],"NOF,":[43],"instead":[44],"using":[46],"dichotomous":[47],"bankrupt":[48],"nonbankrupt":[50],"models.":[51],"results":[53],"suggest":[57],"that":[58],"NOF":[59,68,78,90],"because":[67,77],"an":[70],"alternative":[71],"measure":[72,82,95],"economic":[74,97],"income,":[75],"not":[76],"naive":[81],"operating":[84],"cash":[85],"flow.":[86],"For":[87],"study,":[89],"even":[92],"better":[94],"than":[99],"income.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-04T09:36:47.201465","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
