{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968989948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","title":"Transformational Leadership and Middle Management: Towards a Role for Mere Mortals","display_name":"Transformational Leadership and Middle Management: Towards a Role for Mere Mortals","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968989948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","mag":"1968989948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/01900699608525120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39541053","display_name":"International Journal of Public Administration","issn_l":"0190-0692","issn":["0190-0692","1532-4265"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Public Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002219477","display_name":"Hal G. Rainey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hal G. Rainey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, The University of Georgia","Department of Political Science , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602 Phone: (706) 542-2057"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, The University of Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602 Phone: (706) 542-2057","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Steven A. Watson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven A. Watson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, The University of Georgia","Department of Political Science , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602 Phone: (706) 542-2057"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, The University of Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science , The University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602 Phone: (706) 542-2057","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9212,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8966842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"763","last_page":"800"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.46700000762939453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12751","display_name":"Leadership and Management in Organizations","score":0.46700000762939453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14436","display_name":"Employee Performance and Leadership","score":0.41040000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.065700002014637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformational-leadership","display_name":"transformational leadership","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-managers","display_name":"middle managers","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership-behavior","display_name":"leadership behavior","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-conditions","display_name":"organizational conditions","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-sector-leadership","display_name":"public sector leadership","score":0.4359999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38775462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569376","display_name":"Transformational leadership","level":2,"score":0.9607241153717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160682292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999897","display_name":"Middle management","level":2,"score":0.7704840302467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68489960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370659","display_name":"Transactional leadership","level":2,"score":0.6048446297645569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991779303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6841486","display_name":"Middle level","level":3,"score":0.5310792326927185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88251983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7489549","display_name":"Shared leadership","level":3,"score":0.5114859342575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5092839002609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5023775100708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67126808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912387","display_name":"Servant leadership","level":3,"score":0.4997596740722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7225491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2697537","display_name":"Leadership studies","level":3,"score":0.4674723148345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207195186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846002","display_name":"Neuroleadership","level":4,"score":0.43509525060653687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.429240345954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4234324097633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197386563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508686","display_name":"Leadership style","level":2,"score":0.39768505096435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36610668897628784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3524903655052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3460376560688019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09907445311546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.06642407178878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/01900699608525120","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699608525120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39541053","display_name":"International Journal of Public Administration","issn_l":"0190-0692","issn":["0190-0692","1532-4265"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Public Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W141882345","https://openalex.org/W570089197","https://openalex.org/W594441759","https://openalex.org/W601166331","https://openalex.org/W1512922535","https://openalex.org/W1964001189","https://openalex.org/W1968540457","https://openalex.org/W1985492638","https://openalex.org/W1998636548","https://openalex.org/W2005459481","https://openalex.org/W2015450150","https://openalex.org/W2018036703","https://openalex.org/W2029048140","https://openalex.org/W2077898278","https://openalex.org/W2081549669","https://openalex.org/W2122955616","https://openalex.org/W2123292644","https://openalex.org/W2123473901","https://openalex.org/W2136803068","https://openalex.org/W2153656501","https://openalex.org/W2166437312","https://openalex.org/W2314098696","https://openalex.org/W2533777508","https://openalex.org/W2568838222","https://openalex.org/W2617642621","https://openalex.org/W2903730496","https://openalex.org/W2977665743","https://openalex.org/W4242212238","https://openalex.org/W4301377693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072177714","https://openalex.org/W2978939232","https://openalex.org/W3004170705","https://openalex.org/W4411567813","https://openalex.org/W7202101923","https://openalex.org/W2029679539","https://openalex.org/W7112132997","https://openalex.org/W2125572308","https://openalex.org/W2039590484","https://openalex.org/W7152666774"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformational":[0],"leadership":[1,59,76,99,124],"has":[2,25],"become":[3],"one":[4],"of":[5,18,74,81,88,105,113],"the":[6,19,22,67,70,79,89,98,120],"most":[7],"prominent":[8],"topics":[9],"in":[10,91,97,102],"current":[11],"research":[12],"and":[13,48,56,72,77],"theory":[14],"on":[15,21,27,37,69,78],"leadership.":[16,107],"Much":[17],"work":[20],"topic,":[23],"however,":[24],"focused":[26],"higher-level":[28],"executives,":[29],"with":[30],"less":[31],"attention":[32],"to":[33,61],"middle":[34,38,62,82,93,126],"managers.":[35,63],"Writers":[36],"managers":[39,94],"often":[40],"depict":[41],"them":[42],"as":[43],"working":[44],"under":[45],"sharp":[46],"constraints":[47],"limitations.":[49],"This":[50,64],"raises":[51],"many":[52],"questions":[53],"about":[54,115],"whether":[55],"how":[57],"transformational":[58,75,106,123],"applies":[60],"paper":[65],"reviews":[66],"literature":[68],"meaning":[71],"nature":[73],"characteristics":[80],"management.":[83],"Then":[84,108],"it":[85,109],"describes":[86],"some":[87],"ways":[90],"which":[92],"can":[95],"engage":[96],"behaviors":[100],"described":[101],"Bass\u2019":[103],"conception":[104],"advances":[110],"a":[111],"set":[112],"propositions":[114],"organizational":[116],"conditions":[117],"that":[118],"influence":[119],"prospects":[121],"for":[122],"at":[125],"management":[127],"levels.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
