{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968870193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","title":"Use of the Therapeutic Footwear Benefit Among Diabetic Medicare Beneficiaries in Three States, 1995","display_name":"Use of the Therapeutic Footwear Benefit Among Diabetic Medicare Beneficiaries in Three States, 1995","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968870193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","mag":"1968870193","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9589239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053466733","display_name":"Jonathan R. Sugarman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-0250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5588-0250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan R Sugarman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","PRO-West\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRO-West\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000661164","display_name":"Gayle E. Reiber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094549","display_name":"VA Puget Sound Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00ky3az31","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210094549","https://openalex.org/I4210138024"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gayle E Reiber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Services Research and Development, VA Puget Sound Health Care System\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008722223","display_name":"Greg A. Baumgardner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Baumgardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","PRO-West\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PRO-West\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085178584","display_name":"Cecilia M. Prela","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50959184","display_name":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","ror":"https://ror.org/02g02rq35","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I50959184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecilia M Prela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Care Financing Administration\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Care Financing Administration\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50959184"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054154005","display_name":"Joseph K. Lowery","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50959184","display_name":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","ror":"https://ror.org/02g02rq35","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I50959184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Lowery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Care Financing Administration\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Care Financing Administration\u2008Region X, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50959184"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5661,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8217284,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"777","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11227","display_name":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10455","display_name":"Foot and Ankle Surgery","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-footwear","display_name":"therapeutic footwear","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicare-reimbursement","display_name":"Medicare reimbursement","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-foot","display_name":"diabetic foot","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicare-beneficiaries","display_name":"Medicare beneficiaries","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washington","display_name":"Washington","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alaska","display_name":"Alaska","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idaho","display_name":"Idaho","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9153786897659302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779703844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760125","display_name":"Reimbursement","level":3,"score":0.7701929807662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6331695318222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.5529480576515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45827449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270338","display_name":"Diagnosis code","level":3,"score":0.5203382968902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4741196930408478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.42471441626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3236996531486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.22708866000175476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2183527946472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12192150950431824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003695","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006278","descriptor_name":"Medicare","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012775","descriptor_name":"Shoes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017719","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Foot","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019984","descriptor_name":"Quality Indicators, Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.5.777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49878492","display_name":"Diabetes Care","issn_l":"0149-5992","issn":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320274","host_organization_name":"American Diabetes Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320274"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Diabetes Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes Care","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9589239","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9589239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabetes care","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011117655","https://openalex.org/W2119760803","https://openalex.org/W2040569364","https://openalex.org/W1968589346","https://openalex.org/W1926261547","https://openalex.org/W2033021656","https://openalex.org/W7161754852","https://openalex.org/W2274192211","https://openalex.org/W2313755236","https://openalex.org/W1921912633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"the":[3,59,100,109,115,172,180,215,238,241,250],"extent":[4],"to":[5,13,223,236,247],"which":[6],"Medicare":[7,15,43,195,227],"provided":[8],"reimbursement":[9,205],"for":[10,58,71,112,204,206,226],"therapeutic":[11,78,144,187,207],"footwear":[12,46,61,79,145,188,208,216],"diabetic":[14,42,116,141,194],"beneficiaries":[16,142,178,196,228],"in":[17,22,97,190,197,209,243],"Washington,":[18,198],"Alaska,":[19,199],"and":[20,31,127,164,200,246],"Idaho":[21,201],"1995.":[23,191,210],"RESEARCH":[24],"DESIGN":[25],"AND":[26],"METHODS:":[27],"Using":[28],"inpatient,":[29],"outpatient,":[30],"durable":[32],"medical":[33],"equipment":[34],"claims":[35,47,146,203],"data,":[36],"we":[37],"selected":[38],"a":[39,51,83,186],"cohort":[40],"of":[41,53,85,88,99,140,177,214,240,253],"beneficiaries.":[44],"Therapeutic":[45],"were":[48,80],"identified":[49,81],"using":[50,82],"set":[52],"billing":[54],"codes":[55,96],"intended":[56],"only":[57,175],"diabetes":[60,181],"benefit.":[62],"People":[63],"at":[64,121,131],"\"high":[65,124],"risk\"":[66,70,125,136],"or":[67],"\"possibly":[68,134],"increased":[69,135,162],"foot":[72],"problems":[73],"who":[74],"might":[75],"benefit":[76,217,242],"from":[77,171],"combination":[84],"International":[86],"Classification":[87],"Diseases,":[89],"Ninth":[90],"Revision,":[91],"Clinical":[92],"Modification":[93],"(ICD-9-CM)":[94],"diagnostic":[95],"any":[98],"databases.":[101],"RESULTS:":[102],"Among":[103],"608,804":[104],"beneficiaries,":[105,117],"10.2%":[106],"(62,170)":[107],"met":[108],"inclusion":[110],"criteria":[111,184],"diabetes.":[113,230],"Of":[114],"13.0%":[118],"(8,079)":[119],"had":[120,130,185,202],"least":[122,132],"one":[123,133],"diagnosis,":[126],"14.0%":[128],"(8,686)":[129],"diagnosis.":[137],"The":[138,211],"percentage":[139],"with":[143,151,158,168,229],"was":[147],"2.9%":[148],"among":[149,156,166],"those":[150,157,167],"diagnoses":[152,159],"high":[153],"risk,":[154,163],"0.7%":[155],"indicating":[160],"possibly":[161],"0.1%":[165],"no":[169],"diagnosis":[170],"list.":[173],"Altogether,":[174],"0.6%":[176],"meeting":[179],"case":[182],"ascertainment":[183],"claim":[189],"CONCLUSIONS:":[192],"Few":[193],"low":[212,251],"utilization":[213],"may":[218],"represent":[219],"an":[220],"important":[221],"opportunity":[222],"improve":[224],"care":[225],"Further":[231],"work":[232],"should":[233],"be":[234],"done":[235],"characterize":[237],"use":[239],"other":[244],"regions":[245],"assess":[248],"whether":[249],"level":[252],"usage":[254],"reflects":[255],"underutilization.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}