{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968800502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","title":"ENERGETIC COST OF GENERATING HORIZONTAL FORCES IN RUNNING 490","display_name":"ENERGETIC COST OF GENERATING HORIZONTAL FORCES IN RUNNING 490","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968800502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","mag":"1968800502"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017647165","display_name":"Young\u2010Hui Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-6459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7987-6459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. H. Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072933254","display_name":"Sobieh Selim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. S. Selim","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041299659","display_name":"Rodger Kram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-1608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-1608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Kram","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"Supplement","first_page":"85","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11018","display_name":"Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies","score":0.8622999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.08560000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11209","display_name":"Cardiovascular and exercise physiology","score":0.029999999329447746,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2707","display_name":"Complementary and alternative medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizontal-ground-reaction-force","display_name":"horizontal ground reaction force","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrust","display_name":"thrust","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxygen-consumption","display_name":"oxygen consumption","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treadmill-running","display_name":"treadmill running","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-expenditure","display_name":"energy expenditure","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/running-economy","display_name":"running economy","score":0.40299999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96332660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5610971","display_name":"Ground reaction force","level":3,"score":0.6517820358276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.6402838230133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3944694995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3787754774093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.21476957201957703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.12764936685562134}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14544163","display_name":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise","issn_l":"0195-9131","issn":["0195-9131","1530-0315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2128533240","https://openalex.org/W615367281","https://openalex.org/W1980045229","https://openalex.org/W4401906742","https://openalex.org/W109258616","https://openalex.org/W2160457864","https://openalex.org/W2112577349","https://openalex.org/W7097927032","https://openalex.org/W2133108022","https://openalex.org/W2058819423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1],"suggest":[2],"that":[3,20,125,185],"generating":[4,34,186],"vertical":[5],"ground":[6,22],"reaction":[7,23],"force":[8,76],"is":[9,131],"the":[10,14,30,49,53,99,120,126,144,166,196],"major":[11],"determinant":[12],"of":[13,17,33,55,72,84,91,129,135,146,161,195,200],"energetic":[15,31,127,198],"cost":[16,32,128,199],"running":[18,46,130],"and":[19,47,101],"horizontal":[21,35,41,75,137,187],"forces":[24,42,94,103,110,189],"have":[25],"negligible":[26],"cost.":[27],"To":[28],"estimate":[29],"propulsive":[36,188],"forces,":[37],"we":[38],"applied":[39,74,87,108,136],"external":[40],"during":[43],"steady":[44,202],"speed":[45,203],"measured":[48],"subsequent":[50],"change":[51],"in":[52],"rate":[54,145,160],"oxygen":[56,147,162],"consumption.":[57],"Eight":[58],"subjects":[59],"ran":[60],"at":[61,165],"3.3":[62],"m/s":[63],"on":[64,98],"a":[65,112,132],"motorized":[66],"treadmill":[67],"with":[68],"eight":[69],"different":[70],"levels":[71],"externally":[73],"(-6,":[77],"-3,":[78],"0,+3,":[79],"+6,":[80],"+9,":[81],"+12,":[82],"+15%":[83,167],"body":[85,141,168],"weight)":[86],"to":[88,116,119],"their":[89],"center":[90],"mass.":[92],"Negative":[93],"indicate":[95],"pulling":[96,105],"backwards":[97],"subject":[100],"positive":[102],"indicates":[104],"forwards.":[106],"We":[107,123],"these":[109],"via":[111],"waist":[113],"belt":[114],"attached":[115],"springs":[117],"stretched":[118],"appropriate":[121],"tension.":[122],"found":[124],"parabolic":[133],"function":[134],"force.":[138],"At":[139],"the-6%":[140],"weight":[142,169],"condition,":[143],"consumption":[148,163],"was":[149,173],"30.7%":[150],"(S.E.\u00b1":[151],"3.1%)":[152],"greater":[153],"than":[154,177],"for":[155,178,191],"normal":[156,179,201],"running.":[157,180,204],"The":[158],"minimum":[159],"occurred":[164],"condition":[170],"where":[171],"it":[172],"32.7%(S.E.":[174],"\u00b13.3)":[175],"lower":[176],"This":[181],"observed":[182],"decrease":[183],"suggests":[184],"accounts":[190],"approximately":[192],"one":[193],"third":[194],"total":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}