{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968779758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","title":"Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices","display_name":"Weak microcavity effects in organic light-emitting devices","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968779758","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","mag":"1968779758"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174675","display_name":"Physical review. B, Condensed matter","issn_l":"0163-1829","issn":["0163-1829","1095-3795"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review B","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068974466","display_name":"Vladimir Bulovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-2580","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0960-2580"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Bulovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108471049","display_name":"V. Khalfin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. B. Khalfin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045162964","display_name":"G. Gu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110133495","display_name":"Paul E. Burrows","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. E. Burrows","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110197294","display_name":"Dmitri Z. Garbuzov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Z. Garbuzov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey 08542"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sarnoff Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey 08542","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057791467","display_name":"Stephen R. Forrest","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-1903","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0131-1903"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. R. Forrest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Photonics and Optoelectronic Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5718,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":501,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99169524,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"7","first_page":"3730","last_page":"3740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10611","display_name":"Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10611","display_name":"Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12612","display_name":"Strong Light-Matter Interactions","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organic-light-emitting-diodes","display_name":"organic light-emitting diodes","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroluminescence","display_name":"electroluminescence","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-modes","display_name":"radiative modes","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fermi-s-golden-rule","display_name":"Fermi's golden rule","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"polarization","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-angle-dependence","display_name":"emission angle dependence","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tm-polarization","display_name":"TM polarization","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-red-shift","display_name":"emission redshift","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alq3","display_name":"Alq3","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layered-media","display_name":"layered media","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150759737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209593","display_name":"OLED","level":3,"score":0.8254550695419312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31625292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215803","display_name":"Electroluminescence","level":3,"score":0.798126220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.5272585153579712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.505626916885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5030972361564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205507967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900625","display_name":"Quantum efficiency","level":2,"score":0.46010079979896545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.44520634412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5069880","display_name":"Chromaticity","level":2,"score":0.41739392280578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3965069353580475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.39481306076049805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.1657305657863617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.58.3730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174675","display_name":"Physical review. B, Condensed matter","issn_l":"0163-1829","issn":["0163-1829","1095-3795"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","ki-jl-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review B","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313719","display_name":"Universal Display Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/02zc7ec14"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W622727243","https://openalex.org/W1532219419","https://openalex.org/W1666853924","https://openalex.org/W1973211492","https://openalex.org/W1983718136","https://openalex.org/W1995027357","https://openalex.org/W1997447277","https://openalex.org/W2007398859","https://openalex.org/W2008573112","https://openalex.org/W2010420954","https://openalex.org/W2012381503","https://openalex.org/W2016659031","https://openalex.org/W2022299239","https://openalex.org/W2033299121","https://openalex.org/W2043077686","https://openalex.org/W2048588071","https://openalex.org/W2049762935","https://openalex.org/W2050052287","https://openalex.org/W2053823902","https://openalex.org/W2066965359","https://openalex.org/W2072235580","https://openalex.org/W2077188122","https://openalex.org/W2079597056","https://openalex.org/W2083210268","https://openalex.org/W2094125336","https://openalex.org/W2134325943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505413870","https://openalex.org/W3081337535","https://openalex.org/W2111293070","https://openalex.org/W1975611387","https://openalex.org/W3186457904","https://openalex.org/W1973211492","https://openalex.org/W1985397534","https://openalex.org/W2000240732","https://openalex.org/W2326312974","https://openalex.org/W2051578988"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,46],"present":[1],"an":[2],"integrated":[3],"classical":[4,31],"and":[5,19,59,72,81,89,102,114,133,150],"quantum-mechanical":[6],"theory":[7,49,131],"of":[8,25,54,61,109,116,180],"weak":[9],"microcavity":[10],"effects":[11],"in":[12,77,120,166,184],"layered":[13],"media":[14],"that":[15,138,177],"treats":[16],"both":[17,87],"radiative":[18,26],"waveguided":[20],"modes.":[21],"The":[22,130],"electromagnetic":[23],"field":[24,32],"modes":[27],"is":[28,84,146,189],"determined":[29],"using":[30],"quantization,":[33],"with":[34,160,191],"the":[35,52,55,78,82,110,117,121,127,134,139,163,167,178,198],"transition":[36],"probability":[37],"into":[38],"each":[39],"mode":[40],"given":[41],"by":[42,86,154],"Fermi's":[43],"``golden":[44],"rule.''":[45],"apply":[47],"this":[48],"to":[50,96,162,172,197],"model":[51],"dependence":[53],"electroluminescence":[56,118],"spectral":[57,112],"intensity":[58,115],"polarization":[60],"organic":[62,69],"light-emitting":[63],"devices":[64],"(OLED's)":[65],"on":[66,99],"emission":[67,141,165],"angle,":[68],"layer":[70,104,195],"thickness,":[71],"applied":[73],"voltage.":[74],"Light":[75],"propagation":[76],"OLED":[79,144],"layers":[80],"substrate":[83],"described":[85],"ray":[88],"wave":[90],"optics.":[91],"Theoretical":[92],"predictions":[93],"are":[94],"compared":[95],"experimental":[97,128,135],"observations":[98],"single":[100],"heterostructure,":[101],"multiple":[103],"stacked":[105],"red-green-blue":[106],"OLEDs.":[107],"Analysis":[108],"polarization,":[111],"shape,":[113],"spectrum":[119],"forward-scattered":[122],"half":[123],"plane":[124],"accurately":[125],"fits":[126],"data.":[129],"predicts,":[132],"measurements":[136],"confirm,":[137],"in-plane":[140],"from":[142],"conventional":[143],"structures":[145],"strongly":[147],"TM":[148],"polarized,":[149],"can":[151],"be":[152],"redshifted":[153],"as":[155,157],"much":[156],"60":[158],"nm":[159],"respect":[161],"peak":[164],"normal":[168],"direction.":[169],"Measurements":[170],"coupled":[171],"our":[173],"analysis":[174],"also":[175],"indicate":[176],"efficiency":[179],"generating":[181],"singlet":[182],"excitons":[183],"aluminum":[185],"tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)":[186],"$({\\mathrm{Alq}}_{3})$-based":[187],"OLED's":[188],"$5\\ifmmode\\pm\\else\\textpm\\fi{}1%,$":[190],"a":[192],"\\ensuremath{\\sim}500-\\AA{}-thick":[193],"${\\mathrm{Alq}}_{3}$":[194],"corresponding":[196],"highest":[199],"external":[200],"power":[201],"efficiency.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
