{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968585063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","title":"Sir Gawain and the green knight and the literary achievement of the north-west Midlands: the historical background","display_name":"Sir Gawain and the green knight and the literary achievement of the north-west Midlands: the historical background","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968585063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","mag":"1968585063"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70122655","display_name":"Journal of Medieval History","issn_l":"0304-4181","issn":["0304-4181","1873-1279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medieval History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021102644","display_name":"Michael John Bennett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-4900","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2930-4900"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Bennett","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021102644"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0226,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98604827,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"1","first_page":"63","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10595","display_name":"Medieval Literature and History","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13167","display_name":"Historical, Literary, and Cultural Studies","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1205","display_name":"Classics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14021","display_name":"Medieval European Literature and History","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight","display_name":"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotton-nero-a-x","display_name":"Cotton Nero A.x","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-english-poetry","display_name":"Middle English poetry","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/richard-ii","display_name":"Richard II","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-mobility","display_name":"social mobility","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/court-patronage","display_name":"court patronage","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/royal-household","display_name":"royal household","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/courtly-culture","display_name":"courtly culture","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geoffrey-chaucer","display_name":"Geoffrey Chaucer","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/langland","display_name":"Langland","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medieval-social-history","display_name":"medieval social history","score":0.46700000762939453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777228553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310094","display_name":"Reign","level":3,"score":0.8302613496780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71140485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2943226","display_name":"Knight","level":2,"score":0.7109262943267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168725872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q991663","display_name":"Sophistication","level":2,"score":0.5832404494285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5620110034942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5363024473190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5347456336021423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169105985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36395","display_name":"Middle English","level":2,"score":0.46247968077659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779981229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844586","display_name":"Gentry","level":2,"score":0.45455893874168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.4505305290222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.430015504360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.328246533870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.26396316289901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.21769526600837708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.169849693775177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.16013658046722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1584235429763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12696337699890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1061696708202362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.08935189247131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(79)90018-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70122655","display_name":"Journal of Medieval History","issn_l":"0304-4181","issn":["0304-4181","1873-1279"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Medieval History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W406108563","https://openalex.org/W572485736","https://openalex.org/W607637567","https://openalex.org/W624018118","https://openalex.org/W651861492","https://openalex.org/W943219316","https://openalex.org/W1532888480","https://openalex.org/W1541884809","https://openalex.org/W1542343729","https://openalex.org/W1580260455","https://openalex.org/W1597807762","https://openalex.org/W1599147252","https://openalex.org/W1965535358","https://openalex.org/W1966493810","https://openalex.org/W1972224755","https://openalex.org/W1975942003","https://openalex.org/W1986503339","https://openalex.org/W1994899742","https://openalex.org/W2001756583","https://openalex.org/W2006329142","https://openalex.org/W2006689115","https://openalex.org/W2020819624","https://openalex.org/W2020891110","https://openalex.org/W2023399255","https://openalex.org/W2024379958","https://openalex.org/W2026473082","https://openalex.org/W2028575982","https://openalex.org/W2030815017","https://openalex.org/W2035026701","https://openalex.org/W2037943198","https://openalex.org/W2043302313","https://openalex.org/W2045051434","https://openalex.org/W2069567430","https://openalex.org/W2070481980","https://openalex.org/W2079042498","https://openalex.org/W2079161158","https://openalex.org/W2080829623","https://openalex.org/W2087482560","https://openalex.org/W2087692973","https://openalex.org/W2094578543","https://openalex.org/W2162860824","https://openalex.org/W2226130777","https://openalex.org/W2313425019","https://openalex.org/W2319471718","https://openalex.org/W2329679785","https://openalex.org/W2332817669","https://openalex.org/W2524292546","https://openalex.org/W2578496041","https://openalex.org/W2767494977","https://openalex.org/W2767818587","https://openalex.org/W2797119991","https://openalex.org/W4233712413","https://openalex.org/W4238900010","https://openalex.org/W4240675198","https://openalex.org/W4243208054","https://openalex.org/W4252089733","https://openalex.org/W4289254797","https://openalex.org/W6604267740","https://openalex.org/W6616217308","https://openalex.org/W6617748480","https://openalex.org/W6617972245","https://openalex.org/W6635548606","https://openalex.org/W6647113613","https://openalex.org/W6661066703","https://openalex.org/W6831107178","https://openalex.org/W7082822378"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2301775378","https://openalex.org/W1966545685","https://openalex.org/W2781585460","https://openalex.org/W4242174975","https://openalex.org/W6987033347","https://openalex.org/W2517394538","https://openalex.org/W4210651885","https://openalex.org/W7036692063","https://openalex.org/W4302793332","https://openalex.org/W1784983703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"author":[1],"of":[2,28,53,59,75,83,88,118,129,144,157,211,219,222,233],"Sir":[3],"Gawain":[4],"and":[5,9,24,39,78,116,148,166,177,185,194,274],"the":[6,10,29,47,51,56,72,76,81,114,119,130,136,170,175,190,195,208,217,220,231,247,260,292],"Green":[7],"Knight":[8],"other":[11],"verse":[12,221],"in":[13,50,127,139,154,173,246,254],"BLMS.":[14],"Cotton":[15,225],"Nero":[16,226],"A":[17,227],"x":[18],"ranks":[19],"with":[20,275],"his":[21,178,267,276,280],"contemporaries,":[22],"Chaucer":[23],"Langland,":[25],"as":[26,162],"one":[27,84],"three":[30],"great":[31],"Middle":[32],"English":[33],"poets.":[34],"Whilst":[35],"this":[36,60,91,99,140],"anonymous":[37],"master":[38],"associated":[40],"writers":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"confidently":[44],"ascribed":[45],"to":[46,94,106,237,242],"north-west":[48,121],"Midlands":[49,122],"reign":[52],"Richard":[54,212,303],"II,":[55],"social":[57,73,132],"context":[58],"literary":[61],"achievement":[62],"is":[63,112,204,284,294,297],"still":[64],"inadequately":[65],"understood.":[66],"Drawing":[67],"on":[68,71,80],"wider":[69],"research":[70],"history":[74],"region,":[77],"focusing":[79],"career":[82],"identifiable":[85],"Cheshire":[86,147,255,281],"poet":[87],"Chaucer's":[89],"generation,":[90],"paper":[92],"attempts":[93],"show":[95],"what":[96],"factors":[97],"made":[98],"superficially":[100],"inauspicious":[101],"milieu":[102],"at":[103],"all":[104,155],"conducive":[105],"high":[107],"cultural":[108,192],"attainment.The":[109],"basic":[110],"argument":[111],"that":[113,207,286],"richness":[115],"sophistication":[117,197],"best":[120],"work":[123],"are":[124],"only":[125,182],"comprehensible":[126],"terms":[128],"considerable":[131],"mobility":[133],"evidenced":[134],"amongst":[135],"local":[137,234],"population":[138],"period.":[141],"Large":[142],"numbers":[143],"men":[145,249],"from":[146,250,263],"its":[149],"environs":[150],"can":[151],"be":[152],"traced":[153],"corners":[156],"England,":[158],"seeking":[159],"their":[160,200,238,243],"fortunes":[161,232],"soldiers,":[163],"lawyers,":[164],"clerks":[165],"merchants.":[167],"This":[168],"was":[169],"vibrant":[171],"world":[172],"which":[174,198,215],"Gawain-poet":[176,293],"fellows":[179],"found":[180],"not":[181],"appreciative":[183],"audiences":[184],"generous":[186],"patronage":[187],"but":[188],"also":[189,229],"new":[191],"influences":[193],"courtly":[196],"characterise":[199],"more":[201,299],"polished":[202],"pieces.It":[203],"no":[205,298],"coincidence":[206],"last":[209],"years":[210],"II's":[213],"reign,":[214],"witnessed":[216],"composition":[218],"BL":[223],"MS.":[224],"x,":[228],"saw":[230],"careerists":[235],"soar":[236],"apogee.":[239],"In":[240],"addition":[241],"solid":[244],"achievements":[245],"professions,":[248],"almost":[251],"every":[252],"family":[253],"were":[256],"being":[257],"recruited":[258],"into":[259],"royal":[261],"household":[262],"1397":[264],"onwards.":[265],"With":[266],"well":[268],"attested":[269],"taste":[270],"for":[271,291],"fine":[272],"literature,":[273],"extravagant":[277],"generosity":[278],"towards":[279],"retainers,":[282],"it":[283],"clear":[285],"if":[287],"an":[288],"aristocratic":[289],"patron":[290],"pre-supposed":[295],"there":[296],"credible":[300],"candidate":[301],"than":[302],"II":[304],"himself.":[305]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}