{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968467682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","title":"Shared perceptions: black officers discuss continuing barriers in policing","display_name":"Shared perceptions: black officers discuss continuing barriers in policing","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968467682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","mag":"1968467682"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/13639510310489458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169472","display_name":"Policing An International Journal","issn_l":"1363-951X","issn":["1363-951X","1758-695X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001248263","display_name":"Kenneth Bolton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197173980","display_name":"Southeastern Louisiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/0531xck41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197173980","https://openalex.org/I2799628689"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Bolton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA","Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond Louisiana USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197173980"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology & Criminal Justice Southeastern Louisiana University Hammond Louisiana USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197173980"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001248263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197173980"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9701,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98107304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"386","last_page":"399"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism-in-policing","display_name":"racism in policing","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-police-officers","display_name":"Black police officers","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-racism","display_name":"institutional racism","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-training","display_name":"police training","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-discipline","display_name":"police discipline","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-promotion","display_name":"police promotion","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.7983614206314087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5741632580757141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5669321417808533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.5251471996307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4895647466182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98147612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215599","display_name":"Promotion (chess)","level":3,"score":0.4838780164718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.48120930790901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.44637876749038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.42655646800994873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4219295382499695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4192759394645691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3846362829208374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33275386691093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3215249180793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.21911421418190002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.1799468696117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.15391802787780762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/13639510310489458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510310489458","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169472","display_name":"Policing An International Journal","issn_l":"1363-951X","issn":["1363-951X","1758-695X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies &amp; Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.8974000215530396,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1547469678","https://openalex.org/W1549716657","https://openalex.org/W1578163789","https://openalex.org/W1966949713","https://openalex.org/W1969011197","https://openalex.org/W1980722503","https://openalex.org/W1984863881","https://openalex.org/W1997561835","https://openalex.org/W2007488258","https://openalex.org/W2046583573","https://openalex.org/W2053194795","https://openalex.org/W2065733632","https://openalex.org/W2094904722","https://openalex.org/W2111791582","https://openalex.org/W2129165507","https://openalex.org/W2133759132","https://openalex.org/W2141106202","https://openalex.org/W2141432205","https://openalex.org/W2796595252","https://openalex.org/W4388169448"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W599108246","https://openalex.org/W2106696778","https://openalex.org/W7064240642","https://openalex.org/W4249443129","https://openalex.org/W2330882904","https://openalex.org/W2018215715","https://openalex.org/W2802212014","https://openalex.org/W1523106576","https://openalex.org/W3136587830","https://openalex.org/W1966949713"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Informed":[0],"by":[1,93],"the":[2,45,60,106,122,138],"experiential\u2010racism":[3],"theoretical":[4],"approach,":[5],"which":[6],"maintains":[7],"that":[8,16,68,99,108],"racism":[9,67,100],"must":[10],"be":[11,91,148],"analyzed":[12],"as":[13,84],"a":[14,37,56],"process":[15],"is":[17,97,101],"manifested":[18],"in":[19,24,36,53,72,103],"multiple":[20],"relations":[21],"and":[22,31,63,80,120,141],"situations":[23],"everyday":[25],"life,":[26],"interviews":[27],"with":[28,116],"50":[29],"male":[30],"female":[32],"black":[33,127,144],"police":[34,87],"officers":[35,110,128],"southern":[38],"state":[39],"are":[40,82,125],"drawn":[41],"upon":[42],"to":[43,90,105,121,130],"analyze":[44],"impact":[46],"race":[47],"has":[48],"on":[49],"policing.":[50],"Accounts":[51],"demonstrate":[52],"considerable":[54],"detail":[55],"shared":[57,139],"perception":[58],"of":[59,66,114,137,143],"continuing":[61],"attitudinal":[62],"institutional":[64],"dimensions":[65],"impedes":[69],"full":[70],"participation":[71],"law":[73],"enforcement":[74],"agencies.":[75],"Training,":[76],"evaluation,":[77],"discipline,":[78],"assignment":[79],"promotion":[81],"discussed":[83],"processes":[85],"within":[86],"agencies":[88,104],"felt":[89],"impacted":[92],"race.":[94],"The":[95],"conclusion":[96],"promoted":[98],"persistent":[102],"extent":[107,123],"white":[109,131],"disproportionately":[111],"occupy":[112],"positions":[113],"authority":[115],"unfettered":[117],"subjective":[118],"discretion":[119],"there":[124],"few":[126],"relative":[129],"officers.":[132],"As":[133],"an":[134],"exploratory":[135],"examination":[136],"experiences":[140],"perceptions":[142],"officers,":[145],"findings":[146],"should":[147],"further":[149],"tested":[150],"empirically.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-01T08:31:24.195828","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
