{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968384196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","title":"Beyond Sweatshops: Foreign Direct Investment and Globalization in Developing Countries","display_name":"Beyond Sweatshops: Foreign Direct Investment and Globalization in Developing Countries","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968384196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","mag":"1968384196"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3590973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192274990","display_name":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review","issn_l":"0019-7939","issn":["0019-7939","2162-271X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013647596","display_name":"Carol Pier","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol Pier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111865123","display_name":"Theodore H. Moran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodore H. Moran","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.8087,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":124,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98821879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"4","first_page":"740","last_page":"740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.5189999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10415","display_name":"International Business and FDI","score":0.5189999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11552","display_name":"Global trade, sustainability, and social impact","score":0.2838999927043915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.0828000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"foreign direct investment","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globalization","display_name":"globalization","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sweatshop-labor","display_name":"sweatshop labor","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-standards","display_name":"labor standards","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garment-industry","display_name":"apparel industry","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/footwear-industry","display_name":"footwear industry","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-skilled-workers","display_name":"low-skilled workers","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/living-wage","display_name":"living wage","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-codes-of-conduct","display_name":"corporate codes of conduct","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host-government-policy","display_name":"host government policy","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fdi-and-economic-growth","display_name":"FDI and growth relationship","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics-manufacturing","display_name":"electronics manufacturing","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outward-foreign-direct-investment","display_name":"outward foreign direct investment","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-intensive-manufacturing","display_name":"labor-intensive manufacturing","score":0.4440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33842695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490513","display_name":"Foreign direct investment","level":2,"score":0.8157323002815247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778295318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415635","display_name":"Sweatshop","level":2,"score":0.7545749545097351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2119116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7181","display_name":"Globalization","level":2,"score":0.6036338806152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6016187071800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5071141719818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4739817678928375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530175646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11460","display_name":"Clothing","level":2,"score":0.4302663505077362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.4284821152687073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.4191231429576874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3995732069015503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.3593887686729431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3456960916519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2386673092842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19621393084526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.17730656266212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.08725911378860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3590973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3590973","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S192274990","display_name":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review","issn_l":"0019-7939","issn":["0019-7939","2162-271X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial and Labor Relations Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2490882153","https://openalex.org/W7098845343","https://openalex.org/W1996663462","https://openalex.org/W575085424","https://openalex.org/W7098745834","https://openalex.org/W7101049248","https://openalex.org/W2974911448","https://openalex.org/W4244524816","https://openalex.org/W4307960375","https://openalex.org/W2766794560"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Images":[0],"of":[1,10,25,41,53,63,66,77,96,99,113,137,151,170,184,199,209,218,247,299,320,328,355,366],"sweatshop":[175],"labor":[3,162,194],"in":[4,35,79,85,122,275,335,358,372],"developing":[5,86,219,314,360],"countries":[6,114,220,315],"have":[7,116],"rallied":[8],"opponents":[9],"globalization":[11,65],"against":[12],"foreign":[13,100,356],"direct":[14],"investment":[15,101,330,357],"(FDI).":[16],"The":[17,134,196,245],"controversy":[18],"is":[19,273,278],"most":[20,230],"acute":[21],"over":[22],"the":[23,39,60,64,75,97,104,138,149,154,180,191,200,213,281,296,300,318,326,336,346,353,359,364,373],"treatment":[24,124,150],"low-skilled":[26],"workers":[27,152,239,265,332],"producing":[28],"garments,":[29,128],"footwear,":[30,129],"toys,":[31],"and":[32,50,56,83,88,130,174,182,225,260,286,333,350,369],"sports":[33],"equipment":[34],"foreign-owned":[36],"plants":[37,40,126,250],"or":[38],"subcontractors.":[42],"Activists":[43],"cite":[44],"low":[45],"wages,":[46],"poor":[47],"working":[48],"conditions,":[49],"a":[51,146,157,186,216],"variety":[52,217],"economic,":[54],"physical,":[55],"sexual":[57],"abuses":[58],"among":[59],"negative":[61],"consequences":[62],"industry.":[67],"In":[68],"Beyond":[69],"Sweatshops":[70],",":[71],"Theodore":[72],"Moran":[73,303],"examines":[74,140],"impact":[76,327],"FDI":[78,231,248],"manufacturing":[80],"on":[81,331],"growth":[82],"welfare":[84],"countries,":[87],"explores":[89,179],"how":[90],"host":[91,291],"governments":[92],"can":[93,294],"take":[94],"advantage":[95],"contributions":[98],"while":[102],"avoiding":[103],"hazards":[105],"to":[106,118,144,160,190,233,249,267,283,312,316],"lower-skilled":[107,276],"workers.":[108],"He":[109,322],"traces":[110],"case":[111],"studies":[112],"that":[115,204,229,236,251],"managed":[117],"produce":[119,252],"steady":[120],"improvement":[121],"worker":[123],"at":[125,363],"exporting":[127],"other":[131],"labor-intensive":[132],"products.":[133],"first":[135],"part":[136,198],"book":[139,201],"multilateral":[141],"proposals":[142],"designed":[143,290],"place":[145],"floor":[147],"under":[148],"around":[153],"world,":[155],"contrasting":[156],"WTO-based":[158],"system":[159],"enforce":[161],"standards":[163],"with":[164],"voluntary":[165],"arrangements,":[166],"including":[167],"corporate":[168],"codes":[169],"conduct,":[171],"certification":[172],"organizations,":[173],"free":[176],"labeling.":[177],"It":[178],"pros":[181],"cons":[183],"adding":[185],"living":[187],"wage":[188],"requirement":[189],"ILO's":[192],"core":[193],"standards.":[195],"second":[197],"presents":[202],"data":[203],"significantly":[205],"broadens":[206],"our":[207],"understanding":[208],"FDI.":[210,321],"By":[211],"analyzing":[212],"evidence":[214,340],"from":[215],"uin":[221],"Asia,":[222],"Latin":[223],"America,":[224],"Africa":[226],"uMoran":[227],"demonstrates":[228],"goes":[232],"industrial":[234,256],"sectors":[235],"employ":[237],"trained":[238],"who":[240],"are":[241],"not":[242],"easily":[243],"exploited.":[244],"flow":[246,282],"electronics,":[253],"auto":[254],"parts,":[255],"equipment,":[257,262],"chemicals,":[258],"pharmaceuticals,":[259],"medical":[261],"paying":[263],"production":[264],"two":[266],"five":[268],"times":[269,280],"more":[270],"than":[271,308],"what":[272,342],"found":[274],"operations,":[277],"twenty-five":[279],"garment,":[284],"textile,":[285],"footwear":[287],"plants.":[288],"Appropriately":[289],"country":[292],"policies":[293],"transform":[295],"development":[297],"trajectory":[298],"entire":[301],"economy.":[302],"advocates":[304],"various":[305],"build-up":[306],"urather":[307],"trickle":[309],"down":[310],"ustrategies":[311],"enable":[313],"capture":[317],"benefits":[319],"concludes":[323],"by":[324],"examining":[325],"outward":[329],"communities":[334],"home":[337],"economy,":[338],"investigating":[339],"about":[341],"Ross":[343],"Perot":[344],"called":[345],"great":[347],"sucking":[348],"sound,":[349],"asking":[351],"whether":[352],"expansion":[354],"world":[361],"comes":[362],"expense":[365],"good":[367],"jobs":[368],"dynamic":[370],"industries":[371],"developed":[374],"countries.":[375]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}