{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968219300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","title":"The role of probability of reinforcement in models of choice.","display_name":"The role of probability of reinforcement in models of choice.","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968219300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","mag":"1968219300","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7984712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ben A. Williams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben A. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0109"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0109","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5896,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83633634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"4","first_page":"704","last_page":"707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.7261000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.1656000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.06449999660253525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-probability","display_name":"reinforcement probability","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/choice-behavior","display_name":"choice behavior","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-history","display_name":"reinforcement history","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-alternatives","display_name":"response alternatives","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/choice-theory","display_name":"choice theory","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-learning","display_name":"animal learning","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.8775678277015686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5194187","display_name":"Cumulative prospect theory","level":3,"score":0.6142125129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4555183947086334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37337011098861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3562321066856384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3531458377838135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34250175952911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2359587550163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205706631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2319304","display_name":"Expected utility hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.2255498468875885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.18616902828216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15357008576393127}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001521","descriptor_name":"Behavior Therapy","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002755","descriptor_name":"Choice Behavior","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008960","descriptor_name":"Models, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012055","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement Schedule","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.101.4.704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35223124","display_name":"Psychological Review","issn_l":"0033-295X","issn":["0033-295X","1939-1471"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320262","host_organization_name":"American Psychological Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320262"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Psychological Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7984712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7984712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological review","raw_type":"Comment"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W656015841","https://openalex.org/W1514621373","https://openalex.org/W1540136915","https://openalex.org/W2043897438","https://openalex.org/W2139252049"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100059551","https://openalex.org/W2056950469","https://openalex.org/W2049471984","https://openalex.org/W2083122091","https://openalex.org/W2316485682","https://openalex.org/W2171756770","https://openalex.org/W2969090530","https://openalex.org/W3045344591","https://openalex.org/W2069112414","https://openalex.org/W7163904308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"general":[1],"account":[2],"of":[3,41,47,59,63,67,77,103,117,128],"choice":[4,27,84,137],"behavior":[5,85],"in":[6,29],"animals,":[7],"the":[8,34,38,45,56,80,87,92,114,125],"cumulative":[9,88],"effects":[10,89],"model,":[11],"has":[12],"been":[13,97],"proposed":[14],"by":[15,124],"Davis,":[16],"Staddon,":[17],"Machado,":[18],"and":[19,43,69],"Palmer":[20],"(1993).":[21],"Its":[22],"basic":[23],"assumptions":[24],"are":[25,139],"that":[26,44,113,132],"occurs":[28],"an":[30],"all-or-none":[31],"fashion":[32],"for":[33,49],"response":[35,51,119],"alternative":[36,52,120],"with":[37,131],"highest":[39],"probability":[40,46,76,127],"reinforcement":[42,48,78,129],"each":[50],"is":[53,121],"calculated":[54],"from":[55],"entire":[57],"history":[58],"training":[60],"(total":[61],"number":[62,66],"reinforced":[64,68],"responses/total":[65],"nonreinforced":[70],"responses).":[71],"The":[72],"model's":[73],"reliance":[74],"on":[75],"as":[79,95],"fundamental":[81],"variable":[82],"controlling":[83],"subjects":[86],"model":[90],"to":[91,136],"same":[93],"criticisms":[94],"have":[96],"directed":[98],"toward":[99],"other":[100],"related":[101],"models":[102],"choice,":[104],"notably":[105],"melioration":[106],"theory.":[107],"Several":[108],"different":[109],"data":[110],"sets":[111],"show":[112],"relative":[115],"value":[116],"a":[118],"not":[122],"predicted":[123],"obtained":[126],"associated":[130],"alternative.":[133],"Alternative":[134],"approaches":[135],"theory":[138],"considered.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
