{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968201750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","title":"Painting and Language: A Pictorial Syntax of Shapes","display_name":"Painting and Language: A Pictorial Syntax of Shapes","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968201750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","mag":"1968201750"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1573117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103229351","display_name":"Leonardo","issn_l":"0024-094X","issn":["0024-094X","1530-9282"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leonardo","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042130951","display_name":"Curtis L. Carter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Curtis L. Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042130951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23841144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"111","last_page":"111"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12632","display_name":"Visual Culture and Art Theory","score":0.489300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12632","display_name":"Visual Culture and Art Theory","score":0.489300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14322","display_name":"Art, Aesthetics, and Perception","score":0.28929999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.06369999796152115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shape","display_name":"shape","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nelson-goodman","display_name":"Nelson Goodman","score":0.8930000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.7619273662567139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.7425888776779175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.4893035590648651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.48914530873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4369620084762573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31063640117645264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.22439435124397278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.19605830311775208}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1573117","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1573117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103229351","display_name":"Leonardo","issn_l":"0024-094X","issn":["0024-094X","1530-9282"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Leonardo","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/598259","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/598259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594148082","https://openalex.org/W2008942963","https://openalex.org/W2017617932","https://openalex.org/W2025705313","https://openalex.org/W2035578313","https://openalex.org/W2069471540","https://openalex.org/W2080480260","https://openalex.org/W2081807019","https://openalex.org/W2158878625","https://openalex.org/W2164543730","https://openalex.org/W2332622864","https://openalex.org/W2613294978","https://openalex.org/W2797691898","https://openalex.org/W2800347831","https://openalex.org/W2998412418"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7061175452","https://openalex.org/W635039295","https://openalex.org/W4252393914","https://openalex.org/W2369888659","https://openalex.org/W1585261611","https://openalex.org/W2146490876","https://openalex.org/W7095699823","https://openalex.org/W2025344078","https://openalex.org/W155227341","https://openalex.org/W2031225308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,12],"previous":[1],"articles,":[2],"the":[3,29,47,54,70,89,101,109,133,186,283,298],"author":[4],"proposed":[5,52],"that":[6,22,44,79,86,143],"paintings":[7,305,318],"can":[8],"have":[9],"syntactic":[10,26,50,91,315],"rules.":[11],"this":[13],"article":[14],"he":[15,307],"develops":[16],"his":[17,40],"proposal":[18,41],"further":[19],"and":[20,83,136,191,197,216,262,286,314,329],"shows":[21],"shapes":[23,45,87],"act":[24],"as":[25,69,163,195,212,296],"elements":[27,92,135],"in":[28,126,214],"languages":[30],"of":[31,49,72,75,93,103,111,119,123,161,189,201,205,210,222,227,230,234,254,258,264,269,282,292,301,304,317,324,333],"painting":[32,162,174,211,244,259,270,293],"styles.":[33],"He":[34],"meets":[35],"Nelson":[36],"Goodman's":[37],"objections":[38],"to":[39,56,66,77,84,108,140,159,166,175,245,288,297],"by":[42,53,131],"showing":[43],"meet":[46],"criterion":[48],"discreteness":[51],"latter":[55],"separate":[57],"linguistic":[58],"from":[59,278],"other":[60],"symbolic":[61],"systems.":[62],"His":[63,95],"approach":[64],"is":[65,81,116,165,294],"specify":[67],"style":[68,80],"domain":[71],"a":[73,117,177,219,228,247,255],"language":[74,164,178,190,204,213,261,272,330],"painting,":[76],"show":[78],"syntactical":[82],"argue":[85],"are":[88,125,273],"primitive":[90],"style.":[94],"essay":[96],"relates":[97],"current":[98],"research":[99],"on":[100,327],"development":[102],"syntax":[104,112],"for":[105,113,173,243],"picture-reading":[106],"machines":[107],"question":[110,188],"paintings.":[114],"Analysis":[115],"way":[118],"learning":[120,132],"what":[121,169,239],"works":[122],"art":[124,328],"their":[127],"actual":[128],"presented":[129],"being,":[130],"aesthetic":[134],"relations":[137],"which":[138],"go":[139],"make":[141,167],"up":[142,185],"being.":[144],"D.":[145],"W.":[146],"Prall":[147],"[1]":[148],"I.":[149],"PAINTING":[150],"AND":[151],"LANGUAGE":[152],"The":[153,249],"principal":[154],"difficulty":[155],"plaguing":[156],"all":[157],"efforts":[158],"speak":[160,199],"clear":[168],"it":[170,240],"would":[171,241],"be":[172,176,242,246],"[2].":[179],"Of":[180],"those":[181],"philosophers":[182],"who":[183],"take":[184],"general":[187],"art,":[192],"some,":[193],"such":[194],"Dewey":[196],"Ducasse,":[198],"mainly":[200],"'the":[202],"expressive":[203,250],"art'":[206],"[3].":[207],"Gombrich's":[208,280,325],"treatment":[209],"Art":[215],"Illusion":[217],"gives":[218],"helpful":[220],"analysis":[221],"semantic":[223,265],"or":[224,260,266,271],"representational":[225,267],"aspects":[226,268],"'language":[229],"painting'":[231],"[4].":[232],"Neither":[233],"these":[235],"approaches":[236],"clarifies":[237],"adequately":[238],"language.":[248],"hypothesis":[251],"takes":[252],"account":[253],"single":[256],"aspect":[257],"explanations":[263],"incomplete":[274],"when":[275],"considered":[276],"apart":[277],"syntax.":[279],"use":[281],"terms":[284],"'vocabulary'":[285],"'schemata'":[287],"characterize":[289],"language-like":[290,302],"features":[291,303,316],"ambiguous":[295],"precise":[299],"nature":[300],"because":[306],"does":[308],"not":[309],"clearly":[310],"differentiate":[311],"between":[312],"representationalsemantic":[313],"[5].":[319],"Even":[320],"Mothersill's":[321],"critical":[322],"discussion":[323],"thesis":[326],"omits":[331],"consideration":[332]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}