{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968077601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","title":"How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False","display_name":"How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or False","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968077601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","mag":"1968077601","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26158984"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27228949","display_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","issn_l":"1745-6916","issn":["1745-6916","1745-6924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1658662_code1050716.pdf?abstractid=1473552&mirid=1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078816085","display_name":"Daniel M. Bernstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2716-2344","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2716-2344"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30108710","display_name":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/04raxj885","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30108710"]}],"countries":["CA","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel M. Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kwantlen Polytechnic University and University of Washington","University of Washington","Kwantlen Polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University and University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I30108710"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwantlen Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30108710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015439098","display_name":"Elizabeth F. Loftus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-6110","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-6110","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8920-3273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elizabeth F. Loftus","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Irvine","University of California, Irvine School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Irvine School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078816085"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701","https://openalex.org/I30108710"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9863,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":176,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93395253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"370","last_page":"374"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.7324000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.7324000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12268","display_name":"Deception detection and forensic psychology","score":0.2621999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11983","display_name":"Identity, Memory, and Therapy","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-memory","display_name":"false memory","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-reliability","display_name":"memory reliability","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deception-detection","display_name":"deception detection","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lying","display_name":"lying","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewitness-testimony","display_name":"eyewitness testimony","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-distortion","display_name":"memory distortion","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging-of-memory","display_name":"neuroimaging of memory","score":0.7080000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119421448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268776","display_name":"Lying","level":2,"score":0.7196605801582336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6888695955276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779086471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2051704","display_name":"False memory","level":3,"score":0.6671580076217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5472710132598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5081305503845215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5047580003738403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.43608468770980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776437466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60920","display_name":"Lie detection","level":3,"score":0.41490834951400757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31543731689453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.2936958074569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28655141592025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.2507480978965759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1492607593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08367854356765747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.08348995447158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01140.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27228949","display_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","issn_l":"1745-6916","issn":["1745-6916","1745-6924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on Psychological Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26158984","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26158984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.513.7113","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.513.7113","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pps/4_4_pdfs/bernstein.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.521.4501","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.521.4501","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pps/4_4_inpress/loftus.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1968077601","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1658662_code1050716.pdf?abstractid=1473552&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arcabc.ca:kora_350","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://arcabc.ca/islandora/object/kora%3A350","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400740","display_name":"Arca (British Columbia Electronic Library Network)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:1968077601","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1658662_code1050716.pdf?abstractid=1473552&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514567660","https://openalex.org/W1809872410","https://openalex.org/W1968320182","https://openalex.org/W1973019747","https://openalex.org/W1984421321","https://openalex.org/W2015698272","https://openalex.org/W2025697087","https://openalex.org/W2041174112","https://openalex.org/W2042038069","https://openalex.org/W2045385178","https://openalex.org/W2059838760","https://openalex.org/W2063851761","https://openalex.org/W2091979129","https://openalex.org/W2097868335","https://openalex.org/W2109558135","https://openalex.org/W2118181081","https://openalex.org/W2119581039","https://openalex.org/W2138953586","https://openalex.org/W2160712927","https://openalex.org/W2170735791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2942677825","https://openalex.org/W3172980632","https://openalex.org/W2319391429","https://openalex.org/W2019693321","https://openalex.org/W2785547151","https://openalex.org/W2682851693","https://openalex.org/W4396972564","https://openalex.org/W3086582548","https://openalex.org/W6908643561","https://openalex.org/W2279526839"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"can":[1,43],"you":[2,10],"tell":[3],"if":[4],"a":[5,21],"particular":[6],"memory":[7],"belonging":[8],"to":[9,25,38,63],"or":[11,16,46],"someone":[12],"else":[13],"is":[14],"true":[15,65],"false?":[17],"Cognitive":[18],"scientists":[19],"use":[20,36],"variety":[22],"of":[23,28],"techniques":[24],"measure":[26],"groups":[27],"memories,":[29],"whereas":[30],"police,":[31],"lawyers,":[32],"and":[33,53,56],"other":[34],"researchers":[35],"procedures":[37],"determine":[39],"whether":[40],"an":[41],"individual":[42],"be":[44],"believed":[45],"not.":[47],"We":[48],"discuss":[49],"evidence":[50],"from":[51,66],"behavioral":[52],"neuroimaging":[54],"studies":[55],"research":[57],"on":[58],"lying":[59],"that":[60],"have":[61],"attempted":[62],"distinguish":[64],"false":[67],"memories.":[68]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}