{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1968027261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1298455.1298471","title":"From uncertainty to belief: inferring the specification within","display_name":"From uncertainty to belief: inferring the specification within","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1968027261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1298455.1298471","mag":"1968027261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.103.9093","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.9093","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.usenix.org/events/osdi06/tech/full_papers/kremenek/kremenek.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W1968027261"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088426422","display_name":"Ted Kremenek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ted Kremenek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017775499","display_name":"Paul Twohey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Twohey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081080607","display_name":"Godmar Back","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Godmar Back","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102617494","display_name":"Andrew Y. Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3196","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3196"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Y. Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111537551","display_name":"Dawson Engler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawson Engler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University Stanford CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University Stanford CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.4298,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":151,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99373838,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"161","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.03689999878406525,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.025599999353289604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specification-inference","display_name":"specification inference","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-graphs","display_name":"factor graphs","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-programs","display_name":"C programs","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-bug-detection","display_name":"static bug detection","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-annotations","display_name":"program annotations","score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/belief-propagation","display_name":"belief propagation","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51929080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2425187","display_name":"Codebase","level":3,"score":0.9122066497802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8853071928024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6105904579162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5897292494773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5620283484458923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5178292393684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5031504034996033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.492211252450943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.48321378231048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162262903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q343527","display_name":"Allocator","level":2,"score":0.449252724647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44659796357154846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44103485345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3504337668418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3203441798686981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2380276322364807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1885669231414795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09948292374610901}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.103.9093","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.103.9093","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.usenix.org/events/osdi06/tech/full_papers/kremenek/kremenek.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.77.9162","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.77.9162","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.stanford.edu/~engler/osdi2006-inference.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.78.7188","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.78.7188","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.robotics.stanford.edu/~ang/papers/osdi06-inferringspecification.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:1968027261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5555/1298455.1298471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cs.brown.edu/courses/cs295-11/2007/inference.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306420647","display_name":"Operating Systems Design and Implementation","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Operating Systems Design and Implementation","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49486804","https://openalex.org/W1492018576","https://openalex.org/W1825099611","https://openalex.org/W1966982815","https://openalex.org/W1993836075","https://openalex.org/W2019599312","https://openalex.org/W2043811931","https://openalex.org/W2054520963","https://openalex.org/W2074847015","https://openalex.org/W2079182758","https://openalex.org/W2084974764","https://openalex.org/W2103714221","https://openalex.org/W2106972913","https://openalex.org/W2107089133","https://openalex.org/W2116409384","https://openalex.org/W2119467398","https://openalex.org/W2119736157","https://openalex.org/W2121059325","https://openalex.org/W2124666592","https://openalex.org/W2128158689","https://openalex.org/W2131954495","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2138369269","https://openalex.org/W2141179168","https://openalex.org/W2149222015","https://openalex.org/W2155479707","https://openalex.org/W2156841542","https://openalex.org/W2162376048","https://openalex.org/W2166140339","https://openalex.org/W2183177643","https://openalex.org/W2223115626","https://openalex.org/W2295399529","https://openalex.org/W3106729728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096758502","https://openalex.org/W1589209717","https://openalex.org/W3152154405","https://openalex.org/W4234695972","https://openalex.org/W1531717019","https://openalex.org/W4252430584","https://openalex.org/W2273599507","https://openalex.org/W2009199887","https://openalex.org/W7095691251","https://openalex.org/W3004040842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"tools":[1],"for":[2,38,113,142,160],"finding":[3],"software":[4],"errors":[5],"require":[6],"a":[7,31,197,201],"set":[8],"of":[9,48,59,79,88,135,151],"specifications":[10,41],"before":[11],"they":[12,17,24],"can":[13,54],"check":[14],"code:":[15],"if":[16],"do":[18],"not":[19],"know":[20],"what":[21,90],"to":[22,63,85],"check,":[23],"cannot":[25],"find":[26],"bugs.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"presents":[30],"novel":[32],"framework":[33],"based":[34],"on":[35,103],"factor":[36],"graphs":[37],"automatically":[39],"inferring":[40,89],"directly":[42],"from":[43,68],"programs.":[44],"The":[45],"key":[46],"strength":[47],"the":[49,77,86,110,152,165,185],"approach":[50,81],"is":[51],"that":[52],"it":[53,84],"incorporate":[55],"many":[56],"disparate":[57],"sources":[58],"evidence,":[60],"allowing":[61],"us":[62],"squeeze":[64],"significantly":[65],"more":[66],"information":[67],"our":[69,80],"observations":[70],"than":[71],"previously":[72],"published":[73],"techniques.":[74],"We":[75,99],"illustrate":[76],"strengths":[78],"by":[82,200],"applying":[83],"problem":[87],"functions":[91,143,157,159,175],"in":[92,172,196],"C":[93],"programs":[94],"allocate":[95],"and":[96,109,115,155,167,193],"release":[97],"resources.":[98],"evaluated":[100],"its":[101],"effectiveness":[102],"five":[104,148],"codebases:":[105],"SDL,":[106],"OpenSSH,":[107],"GIMP,":[108],"OS":[111,117],"kernels":[112],"Linux":[114],"Mac":[116],"X":[118],"(XNU).":[119],"For":[120],"each":[121],"codebase,":[122],"starting":[123],"with":[124,137,176,184],"zero":[125],"initially":[126],"provided":[127],"annotations,":[128],"we":[129,162,188],"observed":[130],"an":[131],"inferred":[132,153,186],"annotation":[133],"accuracy":[134,141],"80-90%,":[136],"often":[138],"near":[139],"perfect":[140],"called":[144,170],"as":[145,147],"little":[146],"times.":[149],"Many":[150],"allocator":[154],"deallocator":[156],"are":[158,168],"which":[161],"both":[163,191],"lack":[164],"implementation":[166],"rarely":[169],"\u2014":[171],"some":[173],"cases":[174],"at":[177],"most":[178],"one":[179],"or":[180],"two":[181],"callsites.":[182],"Finally,":[183],"annotations":[187],"quickly":[189],"found":[190],"missing":[192],"incorrect":[194],"properties":[195],"specification":[198],"used":[199],"commercial":[202],"static":[203],"bug-finding":[204],"tool.":[205],"1":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
