{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967989904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","title":"A cost-benefit analysis of enforcement efforts to reduce serving intoxicated patrons.","display_name":"A cost-benefit analysis of enforcement efforts to reduce serving intoxicated patrons.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967989904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","mag":"1967989904","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7760572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173431","display_name":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol","issn_l":"0096-882X","issn":["0096-882X","1934-2683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322698809","host_organization_name":"Alcohol Research Documentation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322698809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Alcohol Research Documentation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015387586","display_name":"David Theodore Levy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-3612","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-3612"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6059380","display_name":"University of Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/024gw2733","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6059380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D T Levy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics & Finance, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5779, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics & Finance, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5779, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6059380"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030826323","display_name":"Ted R. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-2639","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-2639"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6059380","display_name":"University of Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/024gw2733","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6059380"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T R Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics & Finance, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5779, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics & Finance, Merrick School of Business, University of Baltimore, Maryland 21201-5779, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6059380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6059380"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.3801,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99054242,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"2","first_page":"240","last_page":"247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.6439999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.30660000443458557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drunk-driving","display_name":"drunk driving","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dwi","display_name":"DWI","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accident-costs","display_name":"accident costs","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-costs","display_name":"social costs","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-externalities","display_name":"negative externalities","score":0.4620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substance-abuse-prevention","display_name":"substance use prevention","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washtenaw-county","display_name":"Washtenaw County","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-enforcement","display_name":"police enforcement","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.651203453540802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.586804986000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109168655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242988","display_name":"Liberian dollar","level":2,"score":0.5816577076911926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5174242258071899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5062453150749207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4617476761341095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45853906869888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.4315720200538635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4181348383426666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.40463772416114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36130690574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35210344195365906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.32457399368286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2910633087158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11255243420600891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11234080791473389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1009976863861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000428","descriptor_name":"Alcohol Drinking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000437","descriptor_name":"Alcoholism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003362","descriptor_name":"Cost-Benefit Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006293","descriptor_name":"Health Promotion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010865","descriptor_name":"Pilot Projects","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210173431","display_name":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol","issn_l":"0096-882X","issn":["0096-882X","1934-2683"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4322698809","host_organization_name":"Alcohol Research Documentation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322698809"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Alcohol Research Documentation"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7760572","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7760572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308324","display_name":"McKnight Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/003ghvj67"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310145","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133423724","https://openalex.org/W434016528","https://openalex.org/W568697223","https://openalex.org/W1508283231","https://openalex.org/W1518765970","https://openalex.org/W1549050721","https://openalex.org/W1898908442","https://openalex.org/W1969489679","https://openalex.org/W1971768452","https://openalex.org/W2006387050","https://openalex.org/W2069173961","https://openalex.org/W2076540517","https://openalex.org/W2095553217","https://openalex.org/W2112757664","https://openalex.org/W2112876903"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034437868","https://openalex.org/W2157957885","https://openalex.org/W2066568425","https://openalex.org/W2106705647","https://openalex.org/W2409102406","https://openalex.org/W2136090109","https://openalex.org/W2008799978","https://openalex.org/W3082075483","https://openalex.org/W2580195739","https://openalex.org/W1538685216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"We":[1,42,53,98],"conducted":[2,94],"a":[3,7,36,44,91,113,137,185],"cost-benefit":[4,32,253],"analysis":[5,33,87],"of":[6,10,13,25,81,106,112,118,127,139,144,155,187,194,244,255],"pilot":[8],"program":[9,37,114,173],"increased":[11],"enforcement":[12,117],"laws":[14],"forbidding":[15],"service":[16],"to":[17,35,207,214,234],"intoxicated":[18,226],"patrons.":[19],"This":[20,181],"study":[21,93,240],"provides":[22,151,174],"an":[23],"example":[24],"the":[26,74,124,152,170,191,199,208,216,242],"issues":[27],"that":[28,58,66,77,169,176,247],"typically":[29],"arise":[30],"in":[31,95,202,251],"applied":[34],"directed":[38],"at":[39,116,258],"alcohol":[40,119],"abuse.":[41,260],"provide":[43],"methodology":[45],"for":[46,79],"translating":[47],"reported":[48],"DWIs":[49,107],"into":[50],"cost":[51],"savings.":[52],"also":[54],"present":[55],"benefit":[56],"measures":[57,143],"distinguish":[59,67],"pain":[60],"and":[61,76,109,136,158,221,228],"suffering":[62],"from":[63,70,101,129,162],"productive":[64],"loss,":[65],"social":[68,195],"costs":[69,154,161],"losses":[71,220,222],"internalized":[72],"by":[73,225],"individual":[75],"allow":[78],"substitution":[80],"other":[82,163,235],"unsafe":[83],"activity.":[84],"METHOD:":[85],"The":[86],"is":[88,232],"based":[89],"on":[90,104],"case":[92],"Washtenaw,":[96],"Michigan.":[97],"used":[99],"data":[100,135],"police":[102],"files":[103],"sources":[105],"before":[108],"after":[110],"implementation":[111],"aimed":[115,257],"server":[120],"laws.":[121],"To":[122],"estimate":[123],"dollar":[125],"value":[126],"benefits":[128,175,200],"reducing":[130],"DWIs,":[131],"we":[132],"use":[133],"incidence":[134],"number":[138],"different":[140,188],"recently":[141],"developed":[142],"alcohol-involved":[145,156],"crash":[146],"costs.":[147,164,180],"Our":[148,166],"study,":[149],"however,":[150],"component":[153],"crashes":[157],"distinguishes":[159],"external":[160],"RESULTS:":[165],"estimates":[167],"indicate":[168],"Washtenaw":[171],"SIP":[172],"greatly":[177],"exceed":[178],"its":[179],"result":[182],"holds":[183],"under":[184],"variety":[186],"assumptions":[189,246],"about":[190],"appropriate":[192],"measurement":[193],"benefits.":[196],"CONCLUSIONS:":[197],"Although":[198],"are":[201,211,248],"all":[203],"cases":[204],"large":[205],"relative":[206],"costs,":[209],"they":[210],"highly":[212],"sensitive":[213],"whether":[215,229],"savings":[217],"include":[218],"personal":[219],"borne":[223],"directly":[224],"drivers,":[227],"harmful":[230],"activity":[231],"diverted":[233],"costly":[236],"activities.":[237],"Thus,":[238],"our":[239],"highlights":[241],"importance":[243],"underlying":[245],"commonly":[249],"made":[250],"conducting":[252],"analyses":[254],"programs":[256],"substance":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
