{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967718010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","title":"Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: Modes of Action and Adverse Effects","display_name":"Adjuvants in Veterinary Vaccines: Modes of Action and Adverse Effects","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967718010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","mag":"1967718010","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69093139","display_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0891-6640","issn":["0891-6640","1939-1676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009522225","display_name":"Anna Rovid Spickler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna R Spickler","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, , Ames, IA","Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, , Ames, IA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043298435","display_name":"James A. Roth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-668X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-668X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James A Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, , Ames, IA","Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, , Ames, IA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043298435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2895,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":211,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30540037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"273","last_page":"273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10580","display_name":"Immunotherapy and Immune Responses","score":0.8628000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.10379999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12322","display_name":"Animal health and immunology","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-adjuvants","display_name":"vaccine adjuvants","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/veterinary-vaccines","display_name":"veterinary vaccines","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjuvant-mechanisms","display_name":"adjuvant mechanisms","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vaccine-adverse-events","display_name":"vaccine adverse events","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aluminum-salts","display_name":"aluminum salts","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oil-emulsions","display_name":"oil emulsions","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saponins","display_name":"saponins","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iscoms","display_name":"ISCOMs","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liposomes","display_name":"liposomes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microparticles","display_name":"microparticles","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonionic-block-copolymers","display_name":"nonionic block copolymers","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytokines","display_name":"cytokines","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-mediated-immunity","display_name":"cell-mediated immunity","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibody-response","display_name":"antibody response","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/route-of-immunization","display_name":"route of immunization","score":0.8700000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777863537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357896","display_name":"Adjuvant","level":2,"score":0.8705524206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.7286683917045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6660648584365845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1415366","display_name":"Immunization","level":3,"score":0.6544995307922363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147483822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103537","display_name":"Antigen","level":2,"score":0.5893713235855103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780924562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190527","display_name":"Alum","level":2,"score":0.5875943899154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779341262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182581","display_name":"Immunity","level":3,"score":0.5185883045196533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4704415202140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.4446733295917511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.42199909687042236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.1908634901046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.06172668933868408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000276","descriptor_name":"Adjuvants, Immunologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000276","descriptor_name":"Adjuvants, Immunologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000820","descriptor_name":"Animal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000820","descriptor_name":"Animal Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014612","descriptor_name":"Vaccines","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69093139","display_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0891-6640","issn":["0891-6640","1939-1676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69093139","display_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0891-6640","issn":["0891-6640","1939-1676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12774966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of veterinary internal medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lib.dr.iastate.edu:vmpm_pubs-1065","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/vmpm_pubs/68","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196104","display_name":"Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","host_organization_name":"Iowa State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2003)017<0273:aivvmo>2.3.co;2","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02448.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69093139","display_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0891-6640","issn":["0891-6640","1939-1676"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1967718010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1967718010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41583731","https://openalex.org/W201234451","https://openalex.org/W1511118087","https://openalex.org/W1521764793","https://openalex.org/W1584621173","https://openalex.org/W1591044434","https://openalex.org/W1604233499","https://openalex.org/W1966360601","https://openalex.org/W1966625061","https://openalex.org/W1970077852","https://openalex.org/W1971148645","https://openalex.org/W1971160396","https://openalex.org/W1975107500","https://openalex.org/W1979822915","https://openalex.org/W1990223878","https://openalex.org/W1992441331","https://openalex.org/W1997549055","https://openalex.org/W2001312783","https://openalex.org/W2006190386","https://openalex.org/W2015178357","https://openalex.org/W2016629087","https://openalex.org/W2017741517","https://openalex.org/W2018544077","https://openalex.org/W2019674978","https://openalex.org/W2020454629","https://openalex.org/W2020987313","https://openalex.org/W2022506814","https://openalex.org/W2027322809","https://openalex.org/W2028307569","https://openalex.org/W2030203280","https://openalex.org/W2030993461","https://openalex.org/W2033353568","https://openalex.org/W2050181420","https://openalex.org/W2066473956","https://openalex.org/W2080068385","https://openalex.org/W2081626669","https://openalex.org/W2085012428","https://openalex.org/W2088215667","https://openalex.org/W2090698640","https://openalex.org/W2090836983","https://openalex.org/W2094546446","https://openalex.org/W2098474651","https://openalex.org/W2100021952","https://openalex.org/W2110278914","https://openalex.org/W2112249032","https://openalex.org/W2117761826","https://openalex.org/W2117834680","https://openalex.org/W2123076394","https://openalex.org/W2129322668","https://openalex.org/W2131123265","https://openalex.org/W2135823791","https://openalex.org/W2143673940","https://openalex.org/W2163050347","https://openalex.org/W2163090805","https://openalex.org/W2166494739","https://openalex.org/W2187213934","https://openalex.org/W2263807315","https://openalex.org/W2332423443","https://openalex.org/W2400759110","https://openalex.org/W2409164684","https://openalex.org/W4230567441","https://openalex.org/W4243532293","https://openalex.org/W4244968017","https://openalex.org/W4313309844","https://openalex.org/W4390363708","https://openalex.org/W4390363748"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911478333","https://openalex.org/W7172313551","https://openalex.org/W4251003423","https://openalex.org/W3113762720","https://openalex.org/W4244968017","https://openalex.org/W3143688128","https://openalex.org/W2944308385","https://openalex.org/W2286085271","https://openalex.org/W2626840463","https://openalex.org/W2419002337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vaccine":[0],"adjuvants":[1],"are":[2],"chemicals,":[3],"microbial":[4],"components,":[5],"or":[6,41],"mammalian":[7],"proteins":[8],"that":[9],"enhance":[10],"the":[11,32,92],"immune":[12],"response":[13],"to":[14,31],"vaccine":[15,102],"antigens.":[16],"Interest":[17],"in":[18,39,42],"reducing":[19],"vaccine-related":[20],"adverse":[21],"effects":[22],"and":[23,44,65,87,107],"inducing":[24],"specific":[25,100],"types":[26],"of":[27,34,69,74,76,85,94,105,109],"immunity":[28,110],"has":[29],"led":[30],"development":[33,40],"numerous":[35],"new":[36],"adjuvants.":[37],"Adjuvants":[38],"experimental":[43],"commercial":[45],"vaccines":[46],"include":[47,97],"aluminum":[48],"salts":[49],"(alum),":[50],"oil":[51],"emulsions,":[52],"saponins,":[53],"immune-stimulating":[54],"complexes":[55],"(ISCOMs),":[56],"liposomes,":[57],"microparticles,":[58],"nonionic":[59],"block":[60],"copolymers,":[61],"derivatized":[62],"polysaccharides,":[63],"cytokines,":[64],"a":[66],"wide":[67],"variety":[68],"bacterial":[70],"derivatives.":[71],"The":[72],"mechanisms":[73],"action":[75],"these":[77],"diverse":[78],"compounds":[79],"vary,":[80],"as":[81],"does":[82],"their":[83],"induction":[84],"cell-mediated":[86],"antibody":[88],"responses.":[89],"Factors":[90],"influencing":[91],"selection":[93],"an":[95],"adjuvant":[96],"animal":[98],"species,":[99],"pathogen,":[101],"antigen,":[103],"route":[104],"immunization,":[106],"type":[108],"needed.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
