{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967586822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","title":"The past and future history of the Internet","display_name":"The past and future history of the Internet","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967586822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","mag":"1967586822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/253671.253741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/253671.253741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/253671.253741","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030472224","display_name":"Barry M. Leiner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barry M. Leiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083922056","display_name":"Vinton G. Cerf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-093X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-093X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vinton G. Cerf","raw_affiliation_strings":["MCI Communications Corp"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MCI Communications Corp","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112073231","display_name":"David D. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-889X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-889X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David D. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Laboratory for Computer Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Laboratory for Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113732030","display_name":"Robert E. Kahn","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311968801","display_name":"Corporation for National Research Initiatives","ror":"https://ror.org/02jdkag88","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311968801"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert E. Kahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporation for National Research Initatives"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporation for National Research Initatives","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311968801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040295629","display_name":"Leonard Kleinrock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-707X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0662-707X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonard Kleinrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of California, Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of California, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel C. Lynch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel C. Lynch","raw_affiliation_strings":["CyberCash Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberCash Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113859501","display_name":"Jonathan B. Postel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jon Postel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Southern California","University of Southern California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012229757","display_name":"Lawrence G. Roberts","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence G. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["ATM systems division of Connectware Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ATM systems division of Connectware Inc","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110650243","display_name":"Stephen S. Wolff","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135428043","display_name":"Cisco Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen S. Wolff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cisco Systems Inc","CISCO Systems, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cisco Systems Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISCO Systems, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135428043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.4236,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":290,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99688085,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"2","first_page":"102","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13641","display_name":"Historical Studies and Socio-cultural Analysis","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13066","display_name":"Information Society and Technology Trends","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-the-internet","display_name":"internet history","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/future-internet","display_name":"Future Internet","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-switching","display_name":"packet switching","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-infrastructure","display_name":"information infrastructure","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-information-infrastructure","display_name":"National Information Infrastructure","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-dissemination","display_name":"information dissemination","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-d-investment","display_name":"R&D investment","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industry-government-academia-collaboration","display_name":"industry-government-academia collaboration","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telegraph","display_name":"telegraph","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telephone","display_name":"telephone","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio","display_name":"radio","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-networks","display_name":"computer networks","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037","display_name":"Corporation","level":2,"score":0.700310468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778805511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713","display_name":"Citation","level":2,"score":0.6533835530281067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.5330743789672852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5112249851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4888574481010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.3831843137741089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3622244596481323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3542443513870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3211669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23460149765014648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13310742378234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.08542650938034058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/253671.253741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/253671.253741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibcyt.ucla.edu.ve:T070300004384/24","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bibcyt.ucla.edu.ve/cgi-win/be_alex.exe?Acceso=T070300004384/24&Nombrebd=Bciucla","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064187","display_name":"UCLA - Biblioteca de Ciencias y Tecnologia Felix Morales Bueno","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I19325673","host_organization_name":"Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19325673"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/253671.253741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/253671.253741","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/253671.253741","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1967586822.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1967586822.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974199790","https://openalex.org/W2079490619","https://openalex.org/W2108904360","https://openalex.org/W2140912272","https://openalex.org/W2911684728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347674884","https://openalex.org/W1995891224","https://openalex.org/W4362520165","https://openalex.org/W2347523850","https://openalex.org/W2376288354","https://openalex.org/W2387973599","https://openalex.org/W2377378201","https://openalex.org/W2392209542","https://openalex.org/W4252383400","https://openalex.org/W2367627477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,11,29,60,108],"Internet":[1,30,61,109],"has":[2],"revolutionized":[3],"computers":[4,54],"and":[5,15,43,48,52,73,77,93,100,132,139],"communications":[6],"world":[7],"like":[8],"nothing":[9],"before.":[10],"telegraph,":[12],"telephone,":[13],"radio":[14],"computer":[16],"have":[17,95],"all":[18],"set":[19],"the":[20,23,66,80,90,102,104,116,124],"stage":[21],"for":[22,40,46,57],"Internet's":[24],"unprecedented":[25],"integration":[26],"of":[27,65,70,119],"capability.":[28],"is":[31,111,121,130],"at":[32],"once":[33],"a":[34,38,44,112],"worldwide":[35],"broadcasting":[36],"capability,":[37],"mechanism":[39],"information":[41,81,114],"dissemination,":[42],"medium":[45],"collaboration":[47],"interaction":[49],"between":[50],"individuals":[51],"their":[53],"without":[55],"regard":[56],"geographic":[58],"location.":[59],"also":[62],"represents":[63],"one":[64],"most":[67],"successful":[68],"examples":[69],"sustained":[71],"investment":[72],"commitment":[74],"to":[75],"research":[76,86],"development":[78],"in":[79,87,98],"infrastructure.":[82],"Beginning":[83],"with":[84],"early":[85],"packet":[88],"switching,":[89],"government,":[91],"industry,":[92],"academia":[94],"been":[96],"partners":[97],"evolving":[99],"deploying":[101],"Internet,":[103],"exciting":[105],"new":[106],"technology.":[107],"today":[110],"widespread":[113],"infrastructure,":[115],"initial":[117],"prototype":[118],"what":[120],"often":[122],"called":[123],"National":[125],"Information":[126],"Infrastructure.":[127],"Its":[128],"history":[129],"complex":[131],"involves":[133],"many":[134],"aspects":[135],"like,":[136],"technological,":[137],"organizational":[138],"community.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}