{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967583050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","title":"An assessment of copper mineralization from the Great Orme Mine, Llandudno, North Wales, as ore in the Bronze Age","display_name":"An assessment of copper mineralization from the Great Orme Mine, Llandudno, North Wales, as ore in the Bronze Age","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967583050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","mag":"1967583050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235697","display_name":"Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society","issn_l":"0044-0604","issn":["0044-0604","2041-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311650","host_organization_name":"Geological Society of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Geological Society of London"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111510861","display_name":"Rob A. Ixer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. A. Ixer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (e-mail:\r)","School of Earth Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (e-mail:#N#R.Ixer@btinternet.com)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (e-mail:\r)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK (e-mail:#N#R.Ixer@btinternet.com)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111510861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25806452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"53","issue":"3","first_page":"213","last_page":"219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.926800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13742","display_name":"Metallurgy and Cultural Artifacts","score":0.926800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11212","display_name":"Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis","score":0.030799999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":0.016100000590085983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper-mineralization","display_name":"copper mineralization","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saddle-dolomite","display_name":"saddle dolomite","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chalcopyrite","display_name":"chalcopyrite","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrite","display_name":"pyrite","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malachite","display_name":"malachite","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mine-dumps","display_name":"mine dumps","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymetallic-sulphides","display_name":"polymetallic sulphides","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ore-provenance","display_name":"ore provenance","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeometallurgy","display_name":"archaeometallurgy","score":0.7350000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6864413","display_name":"Mineralization (soil science)","level":3,"score":0.7572066187858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778478046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34095","display_name":"Bronze","level":2,"score":0.6250866055488586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120876096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761","display_name":"Bronze Age","level":2,"score":0.6025691628456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.5768776535987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994103380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766401","display_name":"Copper mine","level":3,"score":0.4896884262561798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.40041595697402954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.37505602836608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.35845327377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3537246584892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16674752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1370637","display_name":"Mining engineering","level":1,"score":0.34914883971214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.30017712712287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.2923908233642578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1824071705341339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07267823815345764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.038035839796066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.53.3.213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235697","display_name":"Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society","issn_l":"0044-0604","issn":["0044-0604","2041-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311650","host_organization_name":"Geological Society of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Geological Society of London"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W574599800","https://openalex.org/W1982118733","https://openalex.org/W1989014688","https://openalex.org/W2076665787","https://openalex.org/W2142054829","https://openalex.org/W2179060191","https://openalex.org/W2198808955","https://openalex.org/W2758677931","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4393679850","https://openalex.org/W7001619254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2902967135","https://openalex.org/W7083341625","https://openalex.org/W7083354773","https://openalex.org/W1982118733","https://openalex.org/W4324279402","https://openalex.org/W7217611381","https://openalex.org/W2142054829","https://openalex.org/W4395684238","https://openalex.org/W7083343564","https://openalex.org/W7064347726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"SUMMARY":[0],"Spoil":[1],"heap":[2],"and":[3,25,43,60,106,188,204],"in":[4,34,79,114,142,186],"situ":[5],"mineralization":[6,177],"from":[7,87,144,191,212],"the":[8,35,63,66,70,75,80,128,145,148,173,179,192,228],"Great":[9,229],"Orme":[10],"Mines,":[11],"North":[12],"Wales,":[13],"have":[14,38,117,216],"been":[15,39,118],"classified":[16],"into":[17],"six":[18],"mineral":[19],"associations.":[20],"By":[21],"applying":[22],"mineralogical,":[23],"mining":[24,125],"beneficiation":[26],"criteria,":[27],"their":[28],"probable":[29],"exploitation":[30],"as":[31,120,155,240],"copper":[32,56,165,200],"ores":[33,195,236],"Bronze":[36,81,163,198],"Age":[37,82,164,199],"assessed.":[40],"Major":[41],"veins":[42,76],"open":[44],"voids":[45],"within":[46],"dolostones":[47,143],"are":[48,139],"infilled":[49],"by":[50,85],"saddle":[51],"dolomite\u2013chalcopyrite\u2013pyrite\u2013calcite\u2013malachite.":[52],"The":[53,202],"tonnage,":[54],"estimated":[55],"grade":[57],"of":[58,62,69,94,123,178,206],"10%":[59],"continuity":[61],"veins,":[64],"plus":[65],"coarse":[67],"grain-size":[68],"copper-bearing":[71],"minerals,":[72],"suggest":[73],"that":[74,183,196,224],"were":[77],"mined":[78],"possibly":[83],"accompanied":[84],"contributions":[86],"adjacent":[88],"void-infilling":[89],"mineralization.":[90],"Two":[91],"minor":[92],"types":[93],"mineralization,":[95],"namely":[96],"\u2018copper":[97],"ddu":[98],"ore\u2019,":[99],"a":[100,121,156,213],"very":[101],"fine-grained,":[102,129],"friable,":[103],"limonitic":[104],"vein-infilling,":[105,157],"disseminated,":[107,130],"c.":[108],"1":[109],"cm":[110],"diameter,":[111],"azurite":[112],"nodules":[113],"mudstones,":[115],"may":[116],"taken":[119],"by-product":[122],"other":[124],"operations.":[126],"Neither":[127],"Cu-,":[131],"Pb-,":[132],"Fe-,":[133],"Co-,":[134],"Ni-rich,":[135],"polymetallic":[136],"sulphides,":[137],"which":[138],"only":[140,234],"found":[141,154],"spoil,":[146],"nor":[147],"single,":[149],"copper-poor,":[150],"but":[151],"galena-rich":[152],"assemblage":[153],"can":[158],"be":[159,162,238],"considered":[160],"to":[161,172,244],"ores.":[166],"These":[167],"last":[168],"two":[169],"associations":[170],"belong":[171],"Mississippi":[174],"Valley-style":[175],"lead\u2013zinc":[176],"North-east":[180],"Wales":[181],"Orefield":[182],"is":[184,232],"older":[185],"age":[187],"differently":[189],"sourced":[190],"copper\u2013dolomite":[193],"association":[194],"produced":[197],"metal.":[201],"recognition":[203],"sampling":[205],"ores,":[207],"rather":[208],"than":[209],"mineralized":[210],"specimens,":[211],"mine":[214],"site,":[215],"implications":[217],"for":[218],"geochemical":[219],"or":[220],"isotopic":[221],"provenance":[222],"studies":[223],"lie":[225],"far":[226],"beyond":[227],"Orme.":[230],"This":[231],"because":[233],"run-of-the-mill":[235],"should":[237],"treated":[239],"having":[241],"any":[242],"importance":[243],"archaeometallurgists.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}