{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1967065227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","title":"Stability in a Fragmenting World: Interstate Military Force, 1946-1988","display_name":"Stability in a Fragmenting World: Interstate Military Force, 1946-1988","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1967065227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","mag":"1967065227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/106591299805100111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033222531","display_name":"Jeffrey Pickering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-5844","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-5844"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Pickering","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kansas state university"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas state university","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009662300","display_name":"William R. Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-4593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-4593"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William R. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["INDIANA UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INDIANA UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2048,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9082122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"1","first_page":"241","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12752","display_name":"Global Peace and Security Dynamics","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/center-periphery-relations","display_name":"center-periphery relations","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-subsystems","display_name":"regional subsystems","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/use-of-military-force","display_name":"use of military force","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war","display_name":"Cold War","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-security","display_name":"international security","score":0.35100001096725464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776729102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971119","display_name":"Use of force","level":3,"score":0.49985289573669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4578162729740143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.43832871317863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.36376893520355225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.33097147941589355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3250887393951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2520809769630432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55447825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4394526","display_name":"International law","level":2,"score":0.10814881324768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/106591299805100111","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299805100111","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/448838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/448838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/448838","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S108349823","display_name":"Political Research Quarterly","issn_l":"1065-9129","issn":["1065-9129","1938-274X","1938-2758"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Political Research Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162462942","https://openalex.org/W628385520","https://openalex.org/W1968388836","https://openalex.org/W1974583432","https://openalex.org/W1985813174","https://openalex.org/W1986612326","https://openalex.org/W2010457921","https://openalex.org/W2015166525","https://openalex.org/W2036040842","https://openalex.org/W2071652694","https://openalex.org/W2090666310","https://openalex.org/W2094209667","https://openalex.org/W2168717639","https://openalex.org/W2606817995","https://openalex.org/W4249557133","https://openalex.org/W4291381688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2070713985","https://openalex.org/W2319585564","https://openalex.org/W2128786629","https://openalex.org/W4376854675","https://openalex.org/W2046816612","https://openalex.org/W2084903273","https://openalex.org/W2041854981","https://openalex.org/W4245941564","https://openalex.org/W4385481652","https://openalex.org/W7215418234"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Six":[0],"hypotheses,":[1],"developed":[2],"from":[3],"arguments":[4],"about":[5],"the":[6,9,66,92,103,120,126,150,169],"fragmentation":[7],"of":[8,22,73,87,97,106,115,123,131,145,152,168],"international":[10,127],"system,":[11,128],"are":[12],"applied":[13],"to":[14,33,141],"a":[15,53],"data":[16,39],"set":[17],"encompassing":[18],"667":[19],"interstate":[20,107,132],"uses":[21],"armed":[23],"force":[24,108,134,154],"between":[25],"1946":[26],"and":[27,35,99],"1988.":[28],"Particular":[29],"attention":[30],"is":[31,113],"paid":[32],"center-periphery":[34],"intra-peripheral":[36],"interventions.":[37],"The":[38],"suggest":[40],"sup":[41],"port":[42],"for":[43,52,119],"one":[44,114],"perspective":[45],"on":[46],"fragmentation,":[47],"imperial":[48],"disintegration,":[49],"but":[50],"not":[51,159],"model":[54],"based":[55],"upon":[56],"eroding":[57],"polarization.":[58],"While":[59],"center":[60,98],"interventionary":[61],"activity":[62],"has":[63],"declined":[64],"over":[65],"1946-1988":[67],"period,":[68],"peripheral":[69],"states,":[70],"focusing":[71],"much":[72],"their":[74],"activities":[75],"within":[76],"regional":[77],"subsystems,":[78],"have":[79,135,160],"become":[80,161],"more":[81,163],"interventionary,":[82],"at":[83],"least":[84],"in":[85,125,139,165],"terms":[86],"absolute":[88],"numbers.":[89],"Yet,":[90],"despite":[91],"rela":[93],"tively":[94],"dramatic":[95],"alteration":[96],"periphery":[100],"intervention":[101],"patterns,":[102],"overall":[104],"portrait":[105],"supported":[109],"by":[110],"our":[111,142],"findings":[112],"stability.":[116],"When":[117],"normalized":[118],"increasing":[121],"number":[122],"states":[124],"global":[129],"levels":[130],"military":[133,153],"remained":[136],"constant.":[137],"And,":[138],"contrast":[140],"collective":[143],"perception":[144],"an":[146],"increasingly":[147],"violent":[148],"periphery,":[149],"use":[151],"across":[155],"state":[156],"borders":[157],"may":[158],"markedly":[162],"severe":[164],"that":[166],"part":[167],"world.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}