{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966550769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","title":"The Democratic Effects of the Internet, 1994\u20142003","display_name":"The Democratic Effects of the Internet, 1994\u20142003","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966550769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","mag":"1966550769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/1748048508100909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39920973","display_name":"International Communication Gazette","issn_l":"1748-0485","issn":["1748-0485","1748-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Communication Gazette","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ictafrica/3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060333280","display_name":"Jacob Groshek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-8719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-8719"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Groshek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, 116 Hamilton Hall, Ames, IA 50010, USA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Greenlee School of Journalism and Communication, 116 Hamilton Hall, Ames, IA 50010, USA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060333280"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.712,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":122,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9882285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"3","first_page":"115","last_page":"136"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13718","display_name":"Media Influence and Politics","score":0.2287999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.03739999979734421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-diffusion","display_name":"Internet diffusion","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"democracy","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratization","display_name":"democratization","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-system-dependency-theory","display_name":"media system dependency theory","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/informative-function","display_name":"information function","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-political-instability","display_name":"socio-political instability","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developed-and-developing-countries","display_name":"developed and developing countries","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-politics","display_name":"internet and politics","score":0.32199999690055847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.8188498616218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.7212384343147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.5633216500282288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4516741633415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.42002683877944946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.40241092443466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3771969676017761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.37246665358543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.349356472492218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2528473138809204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.214613139629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1338086724281311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0945507287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/1748048508100909","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100909","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S39920973","display_name":"International Communication Gazette","issn_l":"1748-0485","issn":["1748-0485","1748-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Communication Gazette","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:ictafrica-1004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ictafrica/3","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ictafrica/3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information & Communication Technology - Africa","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:20.500.14332/37392","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/37392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402083","display_name":"ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"published","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.upenn.edu:ictafrica-1004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ictafrica/3","pdf_url":"https://repository.upenn.edu/ictafrica/3","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196331","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","host_organization_name":"University of Pennsylvania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information & Communication Technology - Africa","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1966550769.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1966550769.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572139753","https://openalex.org/W987133438","https://openalex.org/W1503976143","https://openalex.org/W1509383755","https://openalex.org/W1515485060","https://openalex.org/W1548087870","https://openalex.org/W1574895500","https://openalex.org/W1930933356","https://openalex.org/W1967676842","https://openalex.org/W1967714551","https://openalex.org/W1971443965","https://openalex.org/W1978087560","https://openalex.org/W1990513740","https://openalex.org/W2010940713","https://openalex.org/W2014920952","https://openalex.org/W2023211094","https://openalex.org/W2025483215","https://openalex.org/W2029805682","https://openalex.org/W2031965853","https://openalex.org/W2033827250","https://openalex.org/W2034301206","https://openalex.org/W2035625541","https://openalex.org/W2045278998","https://openalex.org/W2050349749","https://openalex.org/W2056643050","https://openalex.org/W2097423358","https://openalex.org/W2113246753","https://openalex.org/W2119981263","https://openalex.org/W2121393721","https://openalex.org/W2122608603","https://openalex.org/W2125353502","https://openalex.org/W2134536946","https://openalex.org/W2141634513","https://openalex.org/W2162416796","https://openalex.org/W2198847224","https://openalex.org/W2320492571","https://openalex.org/W2333764721","https://openalex.org/W2406343318","https://openalex.org/W2510839718","https://openalex.org/W2546670154","https://openalex.org/W2586171580","https://openalex.org/W2802522258","https://openalex.org/W2915789494","https://openalex.org/W3021656211","https://openalex.org/W3023398377","https://openalex.org/W3049101820","https://openalex.org/W3155384522","https://openalex.org/W4247075474","https://openalex.org/W4253668592"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7065078234","https://openalex.org/W7096081245","https://openalex.org/W2098568125","https://openalex.org/W2584304007","https://openalex.org/W2586171580","https://openalex.org/W7100151356","https://openalex.org/W2136635620","https://openalex.org/W2797477635","https://openalex.org/W2903322664","https://openalex.org/W3104377493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"/":[0],"Since":[1],"its":[2],"inception":[3],"and":[4,30,65,95,111,156],"subsequent":[5],"diffusion,":[6],"the":[7,61,90,130,153,173],"Internet":[8,34,91,109,140],"has":[9,160],"been":[10],"lauded":[11],"as":[12,146],"a":[13,37,101,114,121,147],"potent":[14],"democratizing":[15],"agent.":[16],"Using":[17],"macro-level":[18],"panel":[19],"data":[20],"from":[21],"1994":[22],"to":[23,47,99,172],"2003,":[24],"this":[25],"study":[26],"examined":[27],"152":[28],"countries":[29,81,128],"found":[31],"that":[32,82],"increased":[33],"diffusion":[35,110],"was":[36,45,92,136],"meaningful":[38],"predictor":[39],"of":[40,104,133,152],"more":[41,93,97],"democratic":[42,88,174],"regimes.":[43],"This":[44],"shown":[46,161],"be":[48,144,169],"most":[49],"true":[50],"in":[51,126],"developed":[52],"countries,":[53],"where":[54,89,129],"non-linear":[55],"fixed":[56],"effects":[57,76],"regression":[58],"models":[59],"showed":[60],"highest":[62],"coefficient":[63],"estimates":[64],"largest":[66],"observed":[67,123],"associations.":[68],"Consistent":[69],"with":[70,120,162],"media":[71],"system":[72],"dependency":[73],"theory,":[74],"greater":[75,102],"were":[77,84],"also":[78,167],"demonstrated":[79,113],"for":[80],"already":[83],"at":[85],"least":[86],"partially":[87],"prevalent":[94],"thus":[96],"likely":[98],"fulfill":[100],"number":[103],"information":[105],"functions.":[106],"In":[107],"addition,":[108],"democracy":[112,163],"positive,":[115],"statistically":[116],"significant":[117],"relationship":[118],"(but":[119],"marginal":[122],"association":[124],"size)":[125],"developing":[127],"average":[131],"level":[132],"sociopolitical":[134],"instability":[135],"much":[137],"higher.":[138],"The":[139],"therefore":[141],"should":[142,166],"not":[143,168],"employed":[145],"modern":[148],"`mobility":[149],"multiplier'":[150],"because":[151],"strong":[154],"associations":[155],"positive":[157],"relationships":[158],"it":[159,165],"but":[164],"ignored":[170],"due":[171],"potential":[175],"these":[176],"results":[177],"suggest.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}