{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1966195045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","title":"Design and expected performance of an MCAO system for the Giant Magellan Telescope","display_name":"Design and expected performance of an MCAO system for the Giant Magellan Telescope","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1966195045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","mag":"1966195045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.511742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000550780","display_name":"N. Mark Milton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Mark Milton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Arizona (United States)","University of Arizona. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Arizona (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084890499","display_name":"Michael Lloyd\u2010Hart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Lloyd-Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Arizona (United States)","University of Arizona. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Arizona (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103483561","display_name":"Andrew Yuk Sun Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-4250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-4250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Arizona (United States)","University of Arizona. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Arizona (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079710014","display_name":"James A. Georges","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Georges III","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Arizona (United States)","University of Arizona. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Arizona (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104041818","display_name":"J. R. P. Angel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Roger P. Angel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Arizona (United States)","University of Arizona. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Arizona (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95911345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"5169","issue":null,"first_page":"238","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11484","display_name":"Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12917","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11096","display_name":"Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-conjugate-adaptive-optics","display_name":"multi-conjugate adaptive optics","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/giant-magellan-telescope","display_name":"Giant Magellan Telescope","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformable-mirror","display_name":"deformable mirror","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-guide-stars","display_name":"natural guide stars","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky-coverage","display_name":"sky coverage","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmented-primary-mirror","display_name":"segmented primary mirror","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-secondary-mirror","display_name":"adaptive secondary mirror","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-performance-simulation","display_name":"system performance simulation","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.9327284097671509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.8156227469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136872047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251695","display_name":"Deformable mirror","level":3,"score":0.808207094669342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780848835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4213","display_name":"Telescope","level":2,"score":0.7938284277915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55743289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901458","display_name":"Laser guide star","level":3,"score":0.7657375931739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780851263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845940","display_name":"Guide star","level":3,"score":0.6489644646644592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6251241564750671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99407587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2845270","display_name":"Wavefront sensor","level":3,"score":0.6235080361366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.5573081970214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5318832993507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5075036883354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780556460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395645","display_name":"Secondary mirror","level":4,"score":0.505863606929779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53550047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054449","display_name":"Active optics","level":3,"score":0.49150097370147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.453369140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143588538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q613628","display_name":"Primary mirror","level":3,"score":0.3330821394920349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.22949963808059692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.511742","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.511742","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.135.4542","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.135.4542","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.gmto.org/reportspresentations/gmtmcao.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492450243","https://openalex.org/W1988977761","https://openalex.org/W2010856832","https://openalex.org/W2039799236","https://openalex.org/W2040540350","https://openalex.org/W2059157514","https://openalex.org/W2071092199","https://openalex.org/W2072505342","https://openalex.org/W2083996448","https://openalex.org/W2098161999","https://openalex.org/W2106680823","https://openalex.org/W2144960975","https://openalex.org/W2994971649","https://openalex.org/W3010612091"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967013296","https://openalex.org/W2040956863","https://openalex.org/W1986392957","https://openalex.org/W2143769808","https://openalex.org/W1996065705","https://openalex.org/W1985751650","https://openalex.org/W3177889708","https://openalex.org/W2098161999","https://openalex.org/W2013429268","https://openalex.org/W2059963328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptive":[0],"optics":[1,32,56,72],"will":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,29,39,44],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7],"achieving":[8],"the":[9,13,35,65,74,82,91,114,133],"full":[10],"potential":[11],"of":[12,16,48,84,94,116],"next":[14],"generation":[15],"large":[17],"diameter":[18],"telescopes.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"we":[23],"present":[24],"an":[25],"optical":[26],"design":[27],"for":[28,34,64,73],"multi-conjugate":[30],"adaptive":[31,60],"system":[33,135],"Giant":[36],"Magellan":[37],"Telescope,":[38],"25.7":[40],"m":[41,51],"telescope":[42,67],"with":[43],"primary":[45],"mirror":[46],"consisting":[47],"seven":[49],"8.4":[50],"segments.":[52],"The":[53,105],"tri-conjugate":[54],"MCAO":[55],"is":[57],"based":[58],"on":[59,132],"secondary":[61],"technology":[62],"developed":[63],"MMT":[66],"and":[68,101,112,119,129,137],"incorporates":[69],"dynamic":[70,127],"refocus":[71,128],"laser":[75,100],"guide":[76,103],"star":[77],"wavefront":[78,117],"sensors.":[79],"We":[80],"use":[81],"results":[83,107],"analytic":[85],"(non-Monte-Carlo)":[86],"numerical":[87],"simulations":[88],"to":[89,110],"determine":[90],"optimal":[92],"configuration":[93],"deformable":[95],"mirrors":[96],"as":[97,99,124,126],"well":[98,125],"natural":[102],"stars.":[104],"simulation":[106],"are":[108],"extended":[109],"include":[111],"quantify":[113],"effects":[115],"sensor":[118],"control":[120],"loop":[121],"delay":[122],"noise":[123],"fitting":[130],"error":[131],"expected":[134],"performance":[136],"sky":[138],"coverage.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}