{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965604274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","title":"Averaged Tumour-Air Ratios for 360-Degree Cobalt-60 Rotation Therapy","display_name":"Averaged Tumour-Air Ratios for 360-Degree Cobalt-60 Rotation Therapy","publication_year":1958,"publication_date":"1958-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965604274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","mag":"1965604274","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13542797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1148/70.4.507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50280174","display_name":"Radiology","issn_l":"0033-8419","issn":["0033-8419","1527-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103502558","display_name":"Robert H. Haynes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108691","display_name":"Victoria Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/014tg6596","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800925808","https://openalex.org/I4210108691"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert H. Haynes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108691"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058276398","display_name":"Gerd Froese","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108691","display_name":"Victoria Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/014tg6596","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800925808","https://openalex.org/I4210108691"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerd Froese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108691"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108691"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.26312719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"4","first_page":"507","last_page":"515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiotherapy-dose-calculation","display_name":"radiotherapy dose calculation","score":0.49000000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7769919633865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75088862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2291081","display_name":"Dosimetry","level":2,"score":0.7029075622558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509974204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180507","display_name":"Radiation therapy","level":2,"score":0.5984923243522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.525235652923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170226646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256106","display_name":"Equivalent dose","level":3,"score":0.4903278648853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48926493525505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63007395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122891","display_name":"Dose profile","level":3,"score":0.4191932678222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.17842736840248108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10540765523910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003035","descriptor_name":"Cobalt","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003037","descriptor_name":"Cobalt Radioisotopes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012399","descriptor_name":"Rotation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1148/70.4.507","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1148/70.4.507","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S50280174","display_name":"Radiology","issn_l":"0033-8419","issn":["0033-8419","1527-1315"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315931","host_organization_name":"Radiological Society of North America","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315931"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Radiological Society of North America"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:13542797","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13542797","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Radiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033338167","https://openalex.org/W2043596324","https://openalex.org/W2031702768","https://openalex.org/W2023609086","https://openalex.org/W327772905","https://openalex.org/W2024400632","https://openalex.org/W2008365160","https://openalex.org/W1967045422","https://openalex.org/W2092305821","https://openalex.org/W4250979260"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,276,389],"dose":[1,45,72,120,189,396],"of":[2,10,61,91,115,185,242,271,279,289,301,317,333,344,354,366,391,413,423,445,457],"radiation":[3,23],"that":[4,64,98,131,191,258,347],"is":[5,14,29,93,100,107,132,146,172,324,374,384,404],"received":[6],"at":[7,385,418],"the":[8,21,27,69,74,96,103,111,117,129,135,186,192,198,206,217,226,268,294,331,342,345,362,371,377,380,386,393,398,402,411,414,421,424,433,443,452],"centre":[9,383],"an":[11,182],"irradiated":[12],"tumour":[13,28,119,188,382,395],"widely":[15],"used":[16],"in":[17,25,110,121,143,153,159,162,165,330,350,370],"radiotherapeutics":[18],"to":[19,34,67,123,148,175,180,238,255,335,428],"characterize":[20],"whole":[22],"field":[24],"which":[26,144,154,166,323],"immersed.":[30],"This":[31,435],"practice":[32],"seems":[33],"be":[35,196,202,440],"fairly":[36],"well":[37],"justified":[38],"for":[39,224,230,320,326],"360\u00b0":[40,231],"rotation":[41,62,233,244],"radiotherapy,":[42],"where":[43],"most":[44],"distributions":[46],"are":[47,82,139,157,169,348],"reasonably":[48],"symmetrical.":[49],"Johns,":[50,305],"Whitmore,":[51],"Watson,":[52],"and":[53,252,281,298,307,459],"Umberg":[54],"(1)":[55,449],"have":[56,209,310],"worked":[57],"out":[58],"a":[59,177,213,220,239,287,313,367],"system":[60,90],"dosimetry":[63,92],"enables":[65],"one":[66],"calculate":[68],"central":[70,118,187,394],"tumor":[71],"from":[73,84,264,293],"\u201caveraged":[75],"tumour-air":[76,80,228,290,318,416,425,437],"ratio.\u201d":[77],"Since":[78],"these":[79],"ratios":[81,291,319,426],"obtained":[83,266,292],"measurements":[85,168,208],"on":[86,95,286],"water":[87],"phantoms,":[88],"this":[89,351,408],"based":[94,285],"assumption":[97],"tissue":[99],"water-equivalent.":[101],"At":[102],"present":[104],"time":[105],"there":[106],"much":[108],"interest":[109],"so-called":[112],"\u201ctransit-dose\u201d":[113],"methods":[114,156],"calculating":[116,225],"order":[122],"eliminate,":[124],"as":[125,127],"far":[126],"possible,":[128],"error":[130],"introduced":[133],"by":[134,267,376,442,451],"water-equivalence":[136],"assumption.":[137],"There":[138],"many":[140],"clinics,":[141],"however,":[142],"it":[145,171],"inconvenient":[147],"make":[149,181],"routine":[150],"transit-dose":[151,167,207],"measurements,":[152],"\u201cwater-equivalent\u201d":[155],"still":[158],"use.":[160],"Even":[161],"those":[163,265],"cases":[164,245],"made,":[170],"often":[173],"desirable":[174],"use":[176],"water-equivalent":[178,222],"method":[179,223,270,444,456],"initial":[183],"estimate":[184],"so":[190],"treatment":[193,372,399],"program":[194],"can":[195,201,439],"started;":[197],"total":[199],"dosage":[200],"adjusted":[203],"later":[204],"when":[205,397],"been":[210],"obtained.":[211],"In":[212,359],"previous":[214],"paper":[215],"(2)":[216,283],"authors":[218],"developed":[219],"simple":[221],"average":[227,422],"ratio":[229,417,438],"vertical":[232],"therapy.":[234],"It":[235],"was":[236,253],"applied":[237],"clinical":[240],"series":[241],"48":[243],"treated":[246],"with":[247],"AECL":[248],"cobalt-60":[249,321],"teletherapy":[250],"units,":[251],"found":[254],"yield":[256],"results":[257],"showed":[259],"no":[260],"statistically":[261],"significant":[262],"difference":[263],"longer":[269],"Johns":[272,302,446],"et":[273,447],"al.":[274,448],"(1).":[275],"original":[277],"calculations":[278,346],"Haynes":[280,458],"Froese":[282,460],"were":[284],"set":[288,316],"older":[295],"depth-dose":[296],"data":[297,340],"back-scatter":[299],"values":[300],"(3).":[303],"However,":[304],"Morrison,":[306],"Whitmore":[308],"(4)":[309],"recently":[311],"published":[312],"more":[314],"complete":[315],"radiation,":[322],"valid":[325],"all":[327,429],"source-tumour":[328],"distances":[329,431],"range":[332],"40":[334],"100":[336],"cm.":[337],"These":[338],"new":[339],"form":[341],"basis":[343],"reported":[349],"paper.":[352],"Outline":[353],"Idealized":[355],"Body":[356],"Contour":[357],"Method":[358],"Figure":[360],"1":[361],"body":[363,454],"cross":[364],"section":[365],"typical":[368],"patient":[369],"plane":[373],"indicated":[375],"broken":[378],"curve;":[379],"estimated":[381],"point":[387,409],"T.":[388],"problem":[390],"determining":[392],"beam":[400],"(or":[401],"patient)":[403],"rotated":[405],"uniformly":[406],"about":[407],"involves":[410],"calculation":[412],"averaged":[415,436],"T,":[419],"i.e.,":[420],"corresponding":[427],"tumour-skin":[430],"around":[432],"contour.":[434],"approximated":[441],"or":[450],"idealized":[453],"contour":[455],"(2).":[461]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
