{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965546499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","title":"Lightning Distribution and Eyewall Outbreaks in Tropical Cyclones during Landfall","display_name":"Lightning Distribution and Eyewall Outbreaks in Tropical Cyclones during Landfall","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965546499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","mag":"1965546499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/140/11/mwr-d-11-00347.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/140/11/mwr-d-11-00347.1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084528452","display_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-9704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-9704"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376298","display_name":"Yijun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-424X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-424X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5973-8964"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767927","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062446951","display_name":"Dong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-3296","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1880-3296","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7573-424X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108351579","display_name":"Xiuji Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133131","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767927","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuji Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Lightning Physics and Protection Engineering, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133131","https://openalex.org/I4391767927"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3315,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86086012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"140","issue":"11","first_page":"3573","last_page":"3586"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11483","display_name":"Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones Research","score":0.04019999876618385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-cyclones","display_name":"tropical cyclones","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-to-ground-lightning","display_name":"cloud-to-ground lightning","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eyewall","display_name":"eyewall","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northwest-pacific","display_name":"Northwest Pacific","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/typhoons","display_name":"typhoons","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-storms","display_name":"tropical storms","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-depression","display_name":"tropical depression","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outer-rainbands","display_name":"outer rainbands","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-density","display_name":"flash density","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/storm-intensity","display_name":"storm intensity","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory-prediction","display_name":"trajectory prediction","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640404","display_name":"Eye","level":3,"score":0.872285783290863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.8245302438735962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165479943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2882177","display_name":"Rainband","level":3,"score":0.8147457242012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181654704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140588","display_name":"Typhoon","level":2,"score":0.689636766910553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.665442168712616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.6348579525947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5288363695144653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5108761191368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163379243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551132","display_name":"Landfall","level":3,"score":0.49944424629211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69398868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129052","display_name":"Lightning (connector)","level":3,"score":0.42757365107536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.38983458280563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.34107905626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22266891598701477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0540427565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/140/11/mwr-d-11-00347.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00347.1","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/mwre/140/11/mwr-d-11-00347.1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90791864","display_name":"Monthly Weather Review","issn_l":"0027-0644","issn":["0027-0644","1520-0493"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Monthly Weather Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321849","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034b53w38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325599","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335861","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather","ror":"https://ror.org/03d2yag39"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965546499.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965546499.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W303828356","https://openalex.org/W1484274022","https://openalex.org/W1964872268","https://openalex.org/W1965510025","https://openalex.org/W1975699467","https://openalex.org/W1981341609","https://openalex.org/W1982474172","https://openalex.org/W1984086380","https://openalex.org/W1998649794","https://openalex.org/W2010536058","https://openalex.org/W2011907359","https://openalex.org/W2012035555","https://openalex.org/W2018786694","https://openalex.org/W2037862510","https://openalex.org/W2039848571","https://openalex.org/W2043286918","https://openalex.org/W2047407278","https://openalex.org/W2050875957","https://openalex.org/W2051100421","https://openalex.org/W2053638973","https://openalex.org/W2055952053","https://openalex.org/W2059524774","https://openalex.org/W2062233634","https://openalex.org/W2063126306","https://openalex.org/W2065979612","https://openalex.org/W2069457808","https://openalex.org/W2103847830","https://openalex.org/W2109839958","https://openalex.org/W2112127306","https://openalex.org/W2117704308","https://openalex.org/W2119851054","https://openalex.org/W2138017942","https://openalex.org/W2138980399","https://openalex.org/W2145364320","https://openalex.org/W2176719471","https://openalex.org/W2176903249","https://openalex.org/W2177810931","https://openalex.org/W2179233642","https://openalex.org/W2180642799","https://openalex.org/W2266551591","https://openalex.org/W2586995318","https://openalex.org/W2797258989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2797258989","https://openalex.org/W4290729444","https://openalex.org/W2266551591","https://openalex.org/W2087138819","https://openalex.org/W2266671846","https://openalex.org/W2145915391","https://openalex.org/W2051100421","https://openalex.org/W2018786694","https://openalex.org/W2322078718","https://openalex.org/W2072197474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Cloud-to-ground":[1],"lightning":[2,22,166],"data":[3,7],"and":[4,9,56,63,116,147,157,201,219,223,249],"storm":[5,36,38,112,126,175,253],"intensity":[6,62,86,164,212,228],"(winds":[8],"central":[10],"pressure)":[11],"for":[12,104,119,185,259],"33":[13],"northwest":[14],"Pacific":[15],"tropical":[16,111,142,152,158,187,265],"cyclones":[17,188],"were":[18,179,206],"used":[19],"to":[20,37,51,79,98,189,196,248],"analyze":[21],"distributions":[23],"during":[24,208,250],"the":[25,74,85,96,107,131,161,168,174,191,197,209,224,244,260],"period":[26,210,225],"of":[27,47,92,109,163,193,199,211,215,226,230,232,237,243,252,264],"landfall":[28],"in":[29,95,130,136,140,151,167,181,217,221],"China.":[30],"Lightning":[31,177],"activities":[32],"varied":[33],"enormously":[34],"from":[35,49,73],"with":[39,106],"an":[40],"average":[41,61,64,90],"flash":[42,65,70,93,128,204],"rate":[43,66],"over":[44],"500":[45],"km":[46],"radius":[48],"3":[50],"3201":[52],"flashes":[53,195],"per":[54],"hour,":[55],"no":[57],"obvious":[58],"relationship":[59,192],"between":[60],"occurred.":[67],"The":[68,89],"maximum":[69,227],"density":[71,94,129],"shifted":[72],"eyewall":[75,97,194],"region":[76],"(0\u201360":[77],"km)":[78,83],"outer":[80,99,169],"rainbands":[81],"(180\u2013500":[82],"as":[84],"level":[87,108],"increased.":[88],"ratio":[91],"rainband":[100,132,170],"was":[101],"highest":[102],"(1:0.5)":[103],"storms":[105,143],"a":[110,182],"(17.2\u201324.4":[113],"m":[114,123,145,155],"s\u22121)":[115,146,156],"lowest":[117],"(1:8.6)":[118],"severe":[120,137,141],"typhoons":[121,138],"(41.5\u201350.9":[122],"s\u22121).":[124],"After":[125],"landfall,":[127],"decreased":[133],"more":[134],"rapidly":[135],"than":[139],"(24.5\u201332.6":[144],"typhoons,":[148],"but":[149],"increased":[150],"depressions":[153],"(10.8\u201317.1":[154],"storms.":[159,233],"With":[160],"strength":[162],"level,":[165],"gradually":[171],"weakened":[172],"after":[173],"landfall.":[176],"outbreaks":[178,205,216,245],"identified":[180],"consistent":[183],"manner":[184],"all":[186],"inspect":[190],"changes":[198],"structure":[200],"intensity.":[202],"Eyewall":[203],"found":[207,240],"change":[213,262],"(15%":[214,229],"intensification":[218],"43%":[220],"weaken),":[222],"outbreaks)":[231],"A":[234],"new":[235],"result":[236],"this":[238],"analysis":[239],"that":[241],"10%":[242],"occurred":[246],"prior":[247],"periods":[251],"turning,":[254],"which":[255],"is":[256],"potentially":[257],"important":[258],"trajectory":[261],"forecasting":[263],"cyclones.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}